RAC/ROPs are a class of plant-specific small G proteins, which are involved in multiple signaling pathways as molecular switches. OsRAC3 regulates rice (Oryza sativa L.) crown root development by interacting with cytokinin signaling components. However whether it affects traits in the aboveground parts of rice remains unclear. This study mainly aims to analyze the effects of OsRAC3 on spike development and yield traits of rice.

The inflorescence tissue of rice OsRAC3promoter::GUS transgenic plants were stained with GUS to analyze the expression pattern of OsRAC3. We also analyzed the main agronomic traits such as number of grains per spike, grain length, grain width and thousand grain weight of two experimental materials, constitutively activated mutant (CA-osrac3) and dominant negative mutant (DN-osrac3).

OsRAC3 was strongly expressed in floral meristems, stamen and pistill. CA-osrac3 had fewer grains but its grain length, grain width and thousand grain weight were significantly higher than those of wild-type. DN-osrac3 had a low number of spike branches and poor fertility, while the grain length, grain width and thousand grain weight were significantly lower than those of wild-type.

OsRAC3 affects the developmental process of rice spikes, and the constitutively activated mutant CA-osrac3 promotes the growth of rice seeds. OsRAC3 has important applications in high-yield breeding and genetic improvement of rice.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate differences in seed germination characteristics, morphological indexes, and root cell structure in ‘Huaduo1’ under different concentrations of NaCl and to evaluate the gene expression differences of salt stress related genes in ‘Huaduo1’.

Using ‘Huaduo1’ as the research material, the differences in seed germination time, germination potential, germination rate, and germination index under various concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mmol/L) were analyzed. The differences in total root number, seedling length, root length, seedling fresh weight, water content, and root-to-head ratio of ‘Huaduo1’ at seedling forming stage under various concentrations of NaCl were summarized and compared. Root tip cell morphology of ‘Huaduo1’ was observed by the WE-CLSM and semi-thin section analysis. Genomic resequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and qRT-PCR analysis were conducted to analyze and quantify the expression of the salt stress genes in ‘Huaduo1’ related to its parents.

The seed germination rate and germination index of ‘Huaduo1’ decreased with increased NaCl concentration, while the relative salt damage rate and average germination time increased. ‘Huaduo1’ showed a strong salt tolerance with the relative salt damage rate reached 35% under 250 mmol/L NaCl treatment. After 8 to 20 days of NaCl treatment, the total root number of ‘Huaduo1’ seedlings decreased with increased NaCl concentration. Meanwhile, the seedling length, root length, fresh weight and water content of seedlings under NaCl stress showed a decreasing trend, and the root-to-head ratio showed an increasing trend. NaCl stress inhibited the growth of the ‘Huaduo1’ seedlings, resulting in smaller cell volume, cell shrinkage, and loose cell arrangement in the root tip elongation zone. Moreover, the cells of the epidermis and outer cortex layer in the root tip elongation zone were thickened, the number of cell layers in the mesocortex increased, the diameter of the middle column decreased, and the number of xylem ductal differentiation increased under salt stress. Totally 85 salt stress-related genes of ‘Huaduo1’ showed variance in the CDS region compared with its two parents, including 53 salt sensitivity related genes and 32 salt stress tolerance related genes. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expressions of four salt sensitivity genes (LOC_Os03g16900, LOC_Os06g48510, LOC_Os02g34810, and LOC_Os04g32920) and two salt tolerance genes (LOC_Os03g20090 and LOC_Os11g26790) were significantly increased compared with the control.

The study can be used to evaluate the salt tolerance of tetraploid rice germplasm, reveal the regulation mechanism of salt tolerance in tetraploid rice, and provide a theoretical basis of the salt-tolerant germplasm selection in polyploidy rice.

To discover the alleles for high resistance starch in starch-synthesis-related genes SBEIIb, SSIIa and ISA1.

The single segment substitution lines (SSSLs) carrying the starch-synthesis-related genes SBEIIb, SSIIa or ISA1 were detected using molecular markers. Then, the resistant starch contents of the SSSLs were measured using an improved AOAC method. Sanger sequencing and sequence alignment were performed to analyze the sequence variations of SBEIIb, SSIIa and ISA1 in different SSSLs. Through linkage analysis of genotypes and phenotypes, the alleles affecting resistance starch content were identified.

For SBEIIb gene, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Ex4-96G/A) in the coding region results in an amino acid substitution (196-Arg/His), generating two alleles SBEIIb-1 and SBEIIb-2. SBEIIb-1 carrying the Ex4-96G causes Arg at 196th residue, which shows high-resistant starch content of 1.72%. For SSIIa gene, two SNPs (Ex8-334G/A and Ex8-865C/T) in the 8th exon cause two amino acid substitutions (604-Gly/Ser and 781-Leu/Phe), generating three alleles SSIIa-1,SSIIa-2 and SSIIa-3. SSIIa-1 carrying the Ex8-334G and Ex8-865C causes Gly and Leu at 604th and 781th residue respectively, which shows high-resistant starch content of 3.37%. One Indel (AGG/---) and one SNP (C/T) in ISA1 coding region sequence generate three alleles ISA1-1, ISA1-2 and ISA1-3. ISA1-1 carrying AGG-insertion and Ex17-117C causes Glu and Thr at 70th and 717th residue respectively, which shows high-resistant starch content of 2.09%.

SBEIIb, SSIIa and ISA1 are key genes regulating resistant starch formation in rice. The SNPs and Indels in coding regions of the three genes lead to amino acid variations, which subsequently affects the resistance starch content. The three alleles SBEIIb-1, SSIIa-1 and ISA1-1 for high-resistant starch content are identified.

To indentify the blast resistance genes and resistance effects of conventional indica rice variety resources.

The distribution of 14 blast resistance genes in 121 conventional indica rice varieties were genotyped using PARMS SNP typing technology. Natural identification of panicle neck blast was conducted in the field, and the relationship between genotype and resistance was analyzed.

Most of the tested varieties carried 2−6 blast resistance genes. The detection rates of Pi46 and Pia were 3.3% and 7.4%, respectively. The detection rates of Pi54 and Pi5 were 86.0% and 67.8%, respectively. None of the tested varieties carried Pi9, Pigm, Pik-m, or Pik. Field resistance identification showed the resistances to panicle neck blast of the tested varieties were generally weak, yet the resistances of Guangdong varieties were significantly higher than those of Guangxi varieties. There was no significant correlation between the number of resistance genes and the resistance to panicle neck blast. Pi2 and Pid3 had significant contributions on the resistance to panicle neck blast, with the odds ratios of 5.98 and 7.50, respectively. The combinations of Pi2⁺Pid3⁺, Pi2⁺Pi33⁺ and Pid3⁺Pi33⁺ showed higher resistance to panicle neck blast.

The results of this study provides a theoretical support for the parent selection of pyramiding breeding using rice blast resistance genes in the indica rice regions of Guangdong and Guangxi, and provides scientific references for the rational layout of conventional rice.

The rice blast resistance gene Pi2 has broad spectrum resistance to physiological race of rice blast. Developing and evaluating KASP molecular markers for Pi2 will provide a convenient and reliable gene typing method for molecular breeding of rice varieties with blast resistance.

Two materials H-74 and H-78 with different resistance and genetic relationships selected from 593 natural populations were used to develop KASP marker for the SNP sites in the core region of the Pi2 gene, named Pi2-C3.

Using the marker Pi2-C3, 84 materials from the natural population were genotyped, and the results showed that the Pi2-C3 marker accurately distinguished the Pi2 loci of different rice materials into resistant, heterozygous, and susceptible genotypes, which was an efficient method for identifying the blast-resistant gene Pi2. The marker Pi2-C3 was used to detect the materials in Yangjiang disease nursery. Combined with the phenotypic investigation, it was found that 46 materials containing Pi2 gene showed different degrees of rice blast resistance, which indicated that the marker could be used to detect the incidence of materials in disease nursery.

This study develops a specific molecular marker Pi2-C3 for accurately detecting the Pi2 gene using the KASP technology, and establishes a KASP genotyping system for rice Pi2 gene. It has important application value for improving the efficiency of resistance breeding and improving blast-resistant rice varieties.

To explore the interaction mechanism between species of Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper) and Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (aphid), and the role of secondary metabolites in rice during the interaction between the two insects.

S. furcifera and R. rufiabdominalis were mixed in different proportions, and the total egg production and average daily spawning of white-backed planthopper adults were analyzed after pairing. The contents of oxalic acid, flavones and total phenols of each treated rice seedlings were determined, and the differences in compositions of secondary metabolites were analyzed by GC/MS instrument.

The total egg production of white-backed planthoppers treated with “15 aphids + 5 white-backed planthoppers” was only 131.67 grains, which was significantly different from that of “20 white-backed planthoppers” (214.60 grains), and the average daily fecundity was the same. The contents of rice flavones and total phenols treated with “15 aphids + 5 white-backed planthoppers” were 1.98 and 63.71 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other treatments. GC/MS analysis showed that the relative content of probucol in rice treated with “15 aphids + 5 white-backed planthoppers” was as high as 75.78%, while this phenolic substance was not present in the rest of the treatments.

R. rufiabdominalis may inhibit the reproductive ability of S. furcifera through stimulating rice to promote the content of flavones and total phenols. The probucol may play a key role in the interaction between S. furcifera and R. rufiabdominalis.

To reveal the molecular basis of rice seed maturation at the protein level, and explore the key proteins and metabolic pathways involved in regulating rice seed maturation.

The experiment used mature rice seeds at 30 days after pollination, and conducted mass spectrum identification using 4D label-free quantitative proteomics. Bioinformatics techniques were used to analyze the subcellular localization, domains, GO annotations, and KEGG pathway annotations of the proteins.

A total of 3 484 seed maturation proteins were identified, with most having a relative molecular mass between 10 000 and 100 000. They were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and plasma membrane. The protein domain mainly involved the RNA recognition motifs of protein translation and the protein kinase domains of protein phosphorylation modification. GO analysis showed that the proteins of mature seeds were mainly involved in cellular and metabolic processes, mainly related to catalytic activity and binding functions, and were mostly distributed in cell, cellular component, organelle, and cytomembrane. KEGG analysis revealed that proteins were mainly enriched in pathways such as ribosome, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. It was speculated that protein translation, processing, and energy metabolism were the main molecular events of rice seed maturation. Furthermore, proteins related to abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and indoleacetic acid (IAA) metabolism were identified, and transcription factors of the NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2 (NAC) family were also discovered.

The accumulation of storage substances and energy metabolism are typical characteristics of rice seed maturation, and ABA and IAA signaling pathways are involved in the process of seed maturation.

To analyze the phenotypic characteristic of maize shrunk endosperm mutant and fine mapping of related genes, and lay a foundation for further understanding molecular mechanism of maize kernel development.

The spontaneous shrunk endosperm mutant shank2021(sh2021) was isolated from maize inbred line B73. Morphological and cytological characteristics were observed. A segregating population was developed, and the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was used for preliminary gene mapping. The recombinant plants were screened for further narrowing the mapping interval. Finally the candidate genes controlling grain defect traits were speculated by transcriptome sequencing combined with gene function annotation analysis.

Compared with wild type, sh2021 displayed sunken and shrunken kernels, darker color, irregular grain arrangement, and lower 100-grain weight. The scanning electron microscope observation revealed that sh2021 had smaller endosperm cells and starch granules, and the starch granules were varied in size. The genetic analysis results indicated that sh2021 was caused by a single recessive gene mutation. The BSA indicated that the target gene was located on a 13.25 Mb fragment at the end of chromosome 3. By further expanding the segregating population and screening recombinant plants, the target gene was narrowed down to an interval of 529.60 kb between markers ID5 and ID9. Transcriptome sequencing and gene annotation of sh2021 and wild type indicated that Zm00001d044119, Zm00001d044120, Zm00001d044122, Zm00001d044129, and Zm00001d044142 mighted be candidate genes controlling maize kernel development.

The identification of sh2021 provides abundant experimental materials for the study of kernel development, and lays a foundation for further map-based cloning and functional analysis of sh2021.

Aiming at the malnutrition problem caused by iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) minerals deficiency for Chinese people, it is significant to conduct the accurate identification of Fe and Zn contents in soybean core accessions.

The 163 domestic and foreign soybean core accessions were planted in teaching base of South China Agricultural University consecutively in the early season from 2019 to 2020. The contents of two trace elements of Fe and Zn in the sample grains, were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometer method, and the correlation analysis was carried out.

There were significant differences in the contents of two trace elements between the test years (P<0.05). The variation range of grain Fe content of soybean germplasm resources in two years was 71.02−147.91 mg·kg⁻¹, the average Fe content was 107.09 mg·kg⁻¹, and the variation range of grain Zn content was 36.32−53.11 mg·kg⁻¹, the average content of Zn was 42.80 mg·kg⁻¹. There was a positive correlation between Fe and Zn contents in grains of 163 soybean lines from different sources in different years, indicating that there was a strong mutual promotion between two elements. The mineral contents of 163 soybean accessions were divided into five grades by probability grading method, namely extremely low, low, medium, high and very high. And four soybean accessions with high Fe content, four with high Zn content, five with low Fe content, six with low Zn content and two with high Fe and Zn contents were screened out.

The soybean core accessions screened with high/low Fe and Zn content in this study can not only be used for breeding new accessions rich in Fe and Zn content, but also provide the valuable materials for elucidating the genetic basis of functional and new nutrition accessions, and accelerate the use of soybean core accessions and promote the development of soybean production in the South China area.

The GmGST7 gene was obtained from the gene expression profile of the GsMYB7 overexpressed lines of soybean ‘Huachun 6’ which was tolerant to acidic aluminum stress. GmGST7 lied downstream of the GsMYB7 gene, and was up-regulated by acidic aluminum stress. Its function of acidic aluminum resistance was further investigated to enhance the tolerance to aluminum stress in soybean.

The bioinformatics of the GmGST7 gene was analyzed using the base sequence, protein domain and phylogenetic tree. Subcellular localization of GmGST7 protein was accomplished by transient transformation in tobacco leaves. The tissue expression specificity of the GmGST7 gene was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Five AlCl₃ concentration gradients of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µmol/L were designed to study the response of GmGST7 to aluminum stress. Under the treatment of 50 µmol/L AlCl₃, nine time gradients of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h were designed to investigate the expression patterns of GmGST7. Arabidopsis (Col-0) was transformed by overexpression of GmGST7, positive plants were identified by molecular technology. The phenotype identification of Arabidopsis tolerant to acidic aluminum stress were performed with the oxidation level determination, the expression analysis of the genes response to aluminum stress and downstream genes of GmGST7.

The full-length sequence of GmGST7 located on chromosome 7 of soybean was 1 128 bp. The GmGST7 gene contained two exons and one intron which encodes a highly conserved N domain and a unconserved C domain of GST, respectively. GmGST7 encoded 226 amino acids. The GmGST7 protein was a tau member of the GST family in soybean, and localized in the nuclear and cytoplasm. GmGST7 was expressed in soybean root, stem, leaf, flower and young pod, and rich in root. The GmGST7 gene was up-regulated by AlCl₃ with the highest relative expression under 50 µmol/L AlCl₃ for 24 h. The relative root elongation of wild type was significantly lower than that of the transgenic lines, the oxidation level was higher, and the expression levels of acidic aluminum stress response genes and downstream genes were higher.

The GmGST7 gene is a tau member of the GST family in soybean, locates in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The GmGST7 gene holds a constitutive expression pattern, and is rich in soybean root. GmGST7 is significantly up-regulated by acidic aluminum stress. Overexpression of GmGST7 enhances the tolerance to aluminum stress in Arabidopsis by activating the expression of the marker genes response to acidic aluminum stress and its downstream genes.

The effects of melatonin on the physiological properties of soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.) under copper (Cu) stress were investigated to provide some reference for the mitigation of heavy metal stress.

In a pot experiment, the Cu-sensitive variety ‘GuiZao 1’ and the Cu-tolerant variety ‘Brazil 13’ were selected and applied with 100 μmol·L⁻¹ melatonin under 0.5 mmol·L⁻¹ Cu stress to explore the effects of melatonin on soybean physiological indicators (root length, plant height, fresh weight, relative chlorophyll content and Cu content), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar and soluble protein contents.

Application of 100 μmol·L⁻¹ melatonin under Cu stress increased the root length, plant height, fresh weight and relative chlorophyll content of both soybean varieties. The Cu contents in shoots and roots of both varieties were significantly reduced by melatonin treatment under Cu stress by 25.01% and 18.40% (‘GuiZao 1’), 26.84% and 20.28% (‘Brazil 13’), respectively. By applying melatonin under Cu stress, ‘GuiZao 1’ had a significant increase of POD activity in shoots by 48.35%, and ‘Brazil 13’ had a significant increase of CAT activity in roots by 56.84%; ‘GuiZao 1’ and ‘Brazil 13’ had significantly higher SOD activities in shoots by 19.07% and 7.30%, respectively; MDA content in shoots was significantly reduced by 8.05% and 26.56%. In the single application or mixed application under Cu stress, melatonin had no significant effect on the soluble protein contents of the two varieties. The amounts of soluble sugar in shoots of ‘GuiZao 1’ and ‘Brazil 13’ increased by 149.70% and 58.75% in the mixed application treatment under Cu stress.

The appropriate concentrations of melatonin can mitigate the effects with Cu stress on soybean growth and development by improving antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibiting membrane lipid oxidation, reducing Cu uptake and increasing osmoregulatory substances.

This study evaluated the effects of different zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) contents on the growth and physiological characteristics of Glycine max (Linn.) Merr. under aluminum (Al) stress, aiming to provide some reference for the application of metal nanomaterials in agriculture.

In a pot experiment, Al resistant cultivar ‘Huachun 2’ and Al sensitive cultivar ‘Huachun 6’ were selected and treated with ZnO NPs in various dosages of (0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) under 0.3 g/kg Al stress conditions, to investigate the effects of ZnO NPs on soybean physiological indicators (fresh weight, root length and chlorophyll content), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration.

Al stress significantly reduced the fresh weight and root length of ‘Huachun 6’, and increased its MDA concentration. For ‘Huachun 2’, a significant increase in its chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content was observed, while there was no significant effect on other indicators. Application of ZnO NPs under no Al stress conditions increased the fresh weight, root length and SOD activity of both ‘Huachun 6’ and ‘Huachun 2’. When ZnO NPs were applied at various dosages under Al stress, ‘Huachun 6’ gained 13.2%−100.4% in fresh weight and 7.8%−35.8% in root length, respectively, while ‘Huachun 2’ reached its highest fresh weight at 150 mg/kg ZnO NPs. The chlorophyll a content of both ‘Huachun 6’ and ‘Huachun 2’ reached the highest value under 25 mg/kg ZnO NPs treatment under Al stress. Different levels of ZnO NPs had no significant effect on the chlorophyll b content of ‘Huachun 6’ and significantly reduced the chlorophyll b content of ‘Huachun 2’, reaching the lowest value (3.5 mg/g) at 100 mg/kg ZnO NPs. As ZnO NPs content increased, the T-SOD activity of ‘Huachun 6’ increased, and that of ‘Huachun 2’ reached the peak (820 U/g) at 50 mg/kg ZnO NPs, and then showed a decreasing trend. The minimum MDA concentration of ‘Huachun 6’ and ‘Huachun 2’ occurred at 25 and 50 mg/kg of ZnO NPs treatment, respectively.

Al stress severely affects the growth and development of soybean, while the application of ZnO NPs, to some extent, can alleviate the negative effects of Al stress on soybean, and improve the growth and development of the plants.

To characterize the response of different peanut cultivars to nitrogen.

A total of 81 peanut cultivars from all over China were used as materials, and two field treatments of normal nitrogen application and low nitrogen application were set up. Nineteen indexes, including chlorophyll content at the seedling stage as well as yield, dry matter accumulation and agronomic traits at the harvest stage, were measured in 81 peanut cultivars. The nitrogen response coefficients of the measured 19 indicators were used as the basis for principal component analysis, six new independent composite indicators were screened out, and the D values for comprehensive evaluation of peanut nitrogen sensitivity were obtained by calculating their affiliation function values and the weights of each composite indicator. The peanut cultivars were classified by cluster analysis. The correlations between nitrogen response coefficients and indicators of different types of peanut cultivars were further analyzed.

The 81 peanut cultivars were divided into nitrogen-sensitive (13), intermediate (33) and nitrogen-insensitive (35) cultivars. Under normal nitrogen application treatments, the response of nitrogen-insensitive peanut cultivars did not differ significantly in agronomic traits, but the increase in yield and dry matter accumulation of nitrogen-sensitive and intermediate peanut cultivars were significantly higher than those of nitrogen-insensitive cultivars. Correlation analysis of different traits showed that nitrogen application mainly affected peanut yield formation by influencing peanut dry matter accumulation and distribution and plant structure.

Chlorophyll content at seedling stage, single plant productivity and dry matter accumulation at harvest stage can be used as screening indicators for peanut nitrogen-sensitive cultivars, and the results of the study can provide a basis for screening and breeding of nitrogen-efficient cultivars of peanut.

The goal of this study is to analyze the protein structure of Medicago truncatula MtTOC1a, explore the biological function of MtTOC1a in the circadian clock system, and compare its similarities and differences in function with its ortholog AtTOC1 in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The orthologous genes of TOC1 in Medicago were identified through bioinformatics analysis, the expression vector of MtTOC1a gene was constructed and introduced into Arabidopsis wild-type Col and the corresponding loss-of-function mutant toc1-2 by Agrobacterium mediated method for genetic complementation analysis. Both MtTOC1a and MtTOC1b have conserved functional domains and protein structures. The genetic analysis indicated that during early photomorphogenesis, exogenously transformed MtTOC1a fully restored the hypocotyl elongation phenotype of toc1-2, but had no significant effect on the premature flowering phenotype of toc1-2. In the CAB::LUC reporter lines, MtTOC1a lengthened the period of the short period mutant toc1-2 under continuous light conditions, yet the mutant could not fully recover to the wild-type level.

MtTOC1a and AtTOC1 have similar functions, but their roles in drownstream pathways are still different. The results provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of MtTOC1a gene and using MtTOC1a gene to modify the important traits in Medicago.

Eukaryotes use autophagy pathway to recycle nutrients by degrading misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. This study aims to analyze the function of Medicago autophagy genes in plant response to nutritional stress, and provide a reference for the breeding and improvement of Medicago.

We focused on the ATG7 gene (Autophagy-related gene 7), which serves as the rate-limiting gene in the autophagy pathway, and investigated the similarities of ATG7 amino acid sequences among different plant species. The overexpression vector of Medicago truncatula MtATG7 gene was transformed to Arabidopsis thaliana, to generate the heterologous overexpression lines 35S::MtATG7 and the complementary lines atg7/35S::MtATG7. The plant resistance to stress and autophagic activity were analyzed.

Under carbon starvation, atg7/35S::MtATG7 rescued the phenotype of premature leaf senescence of atg7 mutant, and the survival rates of 35S::MtATG7 and atg7/35S::MtATG7 plants were significantly higher than that of wildtype. GFP-ATG8e cleavage assay suggested that atg7/35S::MtATG7 restored the deficiency of autophagic degradation activity in atg7 mutants. Under nitrogen starvation, overexpression of MtATG7 also slowed down the senescence rate of A. thaliana leaves.

Heterologous overexpression of MtATG7 can enhance the resistance of A. thaliana under carbon and nitrogen starvation, which provides a theoretical basis for further improving Medicago agronomic traits by using MtATG7 gene.

To explore the role of Arabidopsis H3K27 methyltransferase CURLY LEAF (CLF) in temperature morphogenesis.

The differentially expressed genes were screened by phenotypic analysis and transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis wild type Col-0 and mutant clf-29 under different temperatures of 22 and 16 ℃.

clf-29 showed significant phenotypic differences under different temperatures, there was less difference between clf-29 and Col-0 at 16 ℃ than at 22 ℃. Transcriptome analysis found that deletion of CLF led to expression changes of a large number of genes, which were divided into four types (significantly up-regulated/down-regulated only in Col-0, significantly up-regulated/down-regulated only in clf-29 mutant), containing 96 temperature responsive genes.

Arabidopsis epigenetic regulator CLF responds to ambient temperature and is involved in temperature morphogenesis.