Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cucurbitacae vegetables
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摘要:目的
探讨多环芳烃(PAHs)在瓜类蔬菜体内的分布特征和积累规律，并对南宁市不同年龄不同性别人群摄食每种瓜类蔬菜果实的健康风险进行评估。
方法采集黄瓜Cucumis sativus、苦瓜Momordica charantia、丝瓜Luffa cylindrical和节瓜Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua根系各30株和果实各20个，并分别称取茎1 kg、叶片1 kg和叶柄1 kg，用超声波提取、固相萃取对蔬菜进行前处理，用高效液相色谱法检测各部位中16种PAHs含量。
结果16种PAHs在4种瓜类蔬菜中均有检出，PAHs的总质量分数为88.44~1 229.85 μg·kg–1，其中各环数PAHs含量顺序为5环>6环>2环>4环>3环。南宁市不同人群食用瓜类果实引起的致癌风险值在1.48×10–6~7.84×10–5范围内，仅摄入可食用部分引起的致癌风险值在2.23×10–7~3.35×10–6范围内。
结论比较同种瓜类不同部位，4种瓜皆是叶片PAHs含量最高，黄瓜果瓤含量最低，苦瓜和丝瓜果肉含量最低，节瓜叶柄含量最低；比较4种瓜类叶片，节瓜叶片PAHs含量最高，苦瓜叶片含量最低。在目前蔬菜消费量下，南宁市民摄食瓜类蔬菜果实存在潜在致癌风险。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the distribution characteristics and accumulation rules of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cucurbitacae vegetables, and evaluate the health risks of each cucurbitacae vegetable to people in different age groups and genders in Nanning.
MethodThe samples of Cucumis sativus, Momordica charantia, Luffa cylindrical and Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua were collected. For each type of vegetable, we collected roots of 30 plants, 1 kg stems, 1 kg leaves, 1 kg petioles and 20 fruits. The vegetables were pretreated by ultrasonic extraction and solid phase extraction. The contents of 16 different PAHs in different parts of vegetables were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
ResultSixteen types of PAHs were all detected in four kinds of cucurbitacae vegetables, the contents of total PAHs ranged from 88.44 to 1 229.85 μg.kg–1. The order of detected PAHs amounts in cucurbitacae vegetables was 5-ring PAHs > 6-ring PAHs > 2-ring PAHs > 4-ring PAHs > 3-ring PAHs. The cancer risk levels of diverse population groups in Nanning by ingesting fruit from cucurbitacae vegetables were in the range of 1.48×10 –6 and 7.87×10–5. The cancer risk levels caused by ingesting only edible portions were in the range of 2.23×10–7 and 3.35×10–6.
ConclusionComparing different organs of the same cucurbitacae vegetables, leaves had the highest PAH contents for all four vegetables, C. sativus pulp had the lowest PAHs content, M. charantia and L. cylindrical flesh had the lowest PAHs contents, B. hispida var. chieh-qua petious had the lowest PAHs content. Comparing leaves of different cucurbitacae vegetables, PAHs content was the highest in B. hispida var. chieh-qua while the lowest in M. charantia. Under the current consumption amount of vegetables, potential carcinogenic risks exist for Nanning residents by ingesting fruits of cucurbitacae vegetables.
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Keywords:
- cucurbitacae vegetable /
- PAHs /
- distribution characteristic /
- risk assessment /
- HPLC
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图 1 PAHs在4种瓜类蔬菜7个部位的含量
同种蔬菜柱子上的不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
Figure 1. PAHs contents in seven parts of four cucurbitacae vegetables
Different lowercase letters on bars of the same vegetable indicate significant difference(P<0.05, Duncan’s test)
表 1 不同人群对瓜类蔬菜的摄取量
Table 1 Ingestion amounts of cucurbitacae vegetables for different groups of people
g·d–1 蔬菜种类
Vegetable type蔬菜部位
Vegebable part儿童 Child 青少年 Adolescent 成年人 Adult 老年人 Senior 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 苦瓜
Balsam pear果实 Fruit 2.19 2.07 3.68 3.22 5.52 5.06 5.29 4.60 可食用部位 Edible portion 1.79 1.70 3.02 2.64 4.53 4.15 4.34 3.77 节瓜
Chieh qua果实 Fruit 1.43 1.35 2.40 2.10 3.60 3.30 3.45 3.00 可食用部位 Edible portion 0.97 0.92 1.63 1.43 2.45 2.24 2.35 2.04 丝瓜
Luffa果实 Fruit 0.95 0.90 1.60 1.40 2.40 2.20 2.30 2.00 可食用部位 Edible portion 0.74 1.25 1.25 1.79 1.87 1.72 1.79 1.56 
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表 2 不同人群对黄瓜的摄取量
Table 2 Ingestion amounts of Cucumis sativus for different groups of people
g·d–1 黄瓜部位
Cucumber part儿童 Child 青少年 Adolescent 成年人 Adult 老年人 Senior 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 果实 Fruit 3.99 3.78 6.72 5.88 10.08 9.24 9.66 8.40 果肉和果瓤 Flesh and pulp 3.47 3.29 5.12 2.64 8.77 8.04 8.44 7.31 果肉 Flesh 2.63 2.49 4.44 3.88 6.65 6.10 6.38 5.54
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表 3 黄瓜各部位中多环芳烃含量1)
Table 3 PAHs contents in various parts of Cucumis sativus
苯环数
Benzene ringsPAHs w/(μg·kg–1) 根
Root茎
Stem叶
Leaf叶柄
Petious果皮
Peel果肉
Flesh果瓤
Pulp2 Nap 42.61±2.02b 30.63±2.04c 128.74±4.68a 21.19±2.32d 18.14±10.47e — — Acy 39.13±0.38b 28.24±5.06c 109.42±11.01a 18.86±0.21d 17.83±1.01d 1.89±0.30e — Ace 96.83b±7.23b 72.42±10.28c 218.33±27.48a 47.31±1.76d 40.54±3.15d 14.18±0.24e 12.07±1.76e Flu 32.23±13.48b 18.02±17.11c 63.65±1.05a 12.94±2.67c 10.56±0.94c 7.56±0.07c 12.30±0.50c 合计 Total 210.80±24.08b 149.31±22.69bc 520.14±31.55a 100.30±4.07cd 87.07±5.10cd 23.64±3.01d 24.37±2.12d 3 Phe 20.26±1.56a 13.94±0.45b 13.32±1.77b 8.74±1.17c 7.55±1.86c 19.37±3.87 6.05±2.76 Ant — — — — — — — Fla 32.05±0.76a 23.08±0.98ab 43.39±8.58a 13.93±1.33b 8.66±7.51b 13.55±3.65b 8.01±1.70b 合计 Total 52.31±2.15a 37.02±1.16b 56.71±10.36a 22.67±2.39cd 16.21±9.35d 32.92±7.51bc 14.06±4.39d 4 Pyr 47.36±4.66a 31.36±4.56ab 27.35±15.9ab 13.92±10.24b 3.60±1.67b 40.17±12.24a 27.56±11.89ab BaA 22.63±4.61ab 23.14±18.56a 12.55±23.8abc 3.54±6.13abc — 6.34±3.07abc 2.88±3.65bc Chr 2.02±3.49b — 8.79±1.50a — — 3.66±0.27ab 3.61±1.14ab 合计 Total 72.01±5.41a 54.50±21.17ab 53.48±12.94ab 17.46±12.24cd 3.60±1.67d 50.17±14.84ab 34.05±14.11bc 5 BbF 8.07±0.19b — 15.23±0.25a 4.77±2.09bc 1.51±2.02bc 3.80±0.02bc 2.90±0.14bc BkF 15.36±5.07b 21.32±10.38b 4.94±1.12b 23.96±17.56b 65.43±31.82a 7.17±2.35b 7.04±5.01b BaP — — 166.63±42.37a — — — 0.05±0.04b DBA 182.67±8.12a 164.41±20.54a 17.90±7.06b 34.66±17.68b 22.84±9.08b 0.40±3.72b 1.13±9.27b 合计 Total 206.10±24.19a 185.73±50.93a 204.70±35.59a 63.39±35.80b 89.78±22.67bc 11.37±2.49c 11.12±4.89c 6 BPE 24.77±5.16a 2.21±1.99b 4.53±7.84b 11.70±3.67b 10.94±11.92b 4.80±0.04b 3.39±0.17b IPY 17.15±1.80e 321.83±15.03b 231.52±29.20c 134.50±14.40d 517.76±71.25a 11.51±0.40e 1.45±1.09e 合计 Total 41.92±6.81e 324.04±19.11b 236.04±33.37c 146.23±18.06d 528.69±83.16a 16.31±0.36e 4.84±1.12e 1) 同行数据后的不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05, Duncan’s 法)
1) Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference(P<0.05, Duncan’s test)
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表 4 苦瓜各部位中多环芳烃含量1)
Table 4 PAHs contents in various parts of Momordica charantia
苯环数
Benzene ringsPAHs w/(μg·kg–1) 根
Root茎
Stem叶
Leaf叶柄
Petious果皮
Peel果肉
Flesh果瓤
Pulp2 Nap 65.90±1.01b 36.56±19.76cd 92.44±1.14a 31.01±0.81d 13.37±0.44e 13.57±0.20e 45.82±3.25c Acy 45.09±4.72b 54.59±2.44a — 29.11±1.81c 11.16±0.70d 12.38±1.04d — Ace 131.82±23.98a 79.58±5.23bc — 44.58±5.28c 73.48±0.52b 68.61±1.02b 67.39±1.47bc Flu 22.27±19.43a 24.73±11.81a — 13.81±1.56ab 11.01±2.19ab 19.61±4.52a 17.31±0.81ab 合计 Total 2 645.08±10.80a 167.43±14.53b 92.44±1.14e 118.52±16.70cd 109.02±2.27de 114.17±3.41cd 130.52±5.03c 3 Phe 15.84±1.39a 16.50±0.85a 1.01±0.47e 7.58±0.74c 3.80±0.68d 4.46±0.12d 10.93±0.58b Ant — — — — — — — Fla 26.22±23.13a 36.31±5.59a 15.82±0.47a 16.29±0.94a 21.19±23.77a 39.00±0.31a 20.90±0.24a 合计 Total 42.06±24.53ab 52.81±14.53a 16.83±0.80b 23.87±16.69b 24.99±24.22b 43.46±0.19ab 31.83±0.81ab 4 Pyr 16.43±4.87b 18.62±0.99b — 12.90±2.18bc 5.98±0.56bc 12.87±0.52bc 23.19±0.88a BaA 14.84±9.67b 11.21±9.31b — 7.25±7.55b 10.30±0.08b 0.96±1.34b 57.04±19.06a Chr — — 328.73±77.31a — 1.64±0.08d 4.44±0.22c 8.29±7.20b 合计 Total 31.27±9.31cd 29.82±5.64cd 328.73±77.31a 20.15±1.59d 17.92±25.75b 18.26±2.08d 88.51±27.11bc 5 BbF — — — — — 3.47±1.87a — BkF 109.84±12.35a 80.34±7.58a — 11.03±9.47b 2.86±0.01b 1.38±0.87b — BaP — 53.98±6.60a — — — — — DBA 78.38±6.67cd 108.43±13.48c 227.15±37.24a 63.4±22.69d 0.26±8.75e 0.75±0.24e 180.23±21.23b 合计 Total 188.22±11.47a 242.74±8.69a 227.15±37.24a 74.43±9.59b 3.12±0.01b 5.60±2.60b 180.23±21.23a 6 BPE 0.65±1.10c 21.15±12.03c 199.35±1.93b 3.17±5.49c 28.44±1.11c 0.59±0.47c 241.77±43.53a IPY 110.80±13.10a — 123.32±42.53a 49.56±35.44b 27.96±2.34bc 2.43±1.46c 12.78±18.08bc 合计 Total 111.46±13.78c 21.15±12.03d 322.67±43.86a 52.73±31.96d 56.35±2.66d 3.02±1.00d 254.55±40.48b 1) 同行数据后的不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05，Duncan’s 法)
1) Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference(P<0.05, Duncan’s test)
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表 5 节瓜各部位中多环芳烃的含量1)
Table 5 PAHs contents in various parts of Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua
苯环数
Benzene ringsPAHs w/(μg·kg–1) 根
Root茎
Stem叶
Leaf叶柄
Petious果皮
Peel果肉
Flesh果瓤
Pulp2 Nap 11.22±9.71ab 9.55±9.28ab 15.65±4.38a 3.94±6.85b 7.71±2.57ab 3.91±1.57b 4.12±0.53b Acy — — — 14.25±24.69a — 8.07±13.97a 8.79±15.23a Ace 38.55±33.39bc 3.77±6.53c 64.87±4.43b 9.25±8.92c 10.90±15.59c 321.16±9.95a 44.40±23.00c Flu — 16.66±15.38bc 38.39±8.69a 38.31±5.91ab — 5.39±4.76c 19.06±25.19abc 合计 Total 49.77±43.11cd 29.99±15.49cd 118.91±15.77b 62.43±18.07c 18.62±13.11d 338.83±2.71a 76.37±34.81c 3 Phe 10.61±9.20bc 14.04±7.33bc 31.23±3.28a 8.44±7.31cd 19.11±4.98b — — Ant 22.52±3.90a 2.83±2.60a 3.13±5.42a 5.84±4.76a 8.15±7.26a 3.41±5.90a — Fla 63.47±6.91a 30.56±15.68ab 34.07±2.87ab 24.02±14.81ab 30.87±5.89ab 48.29±4.54ab 12.33±0.30b 合计 Total 96.60±39.19a 47.43±6.54b 68.43±11.32ab 38.30±12.13bc 58.13±15.02b 51.69±7.22b 12.33±0.30c 4 Pyr 51.29±0.49ab 9.85±17.07b 65.20±35.60a 36.19±12.68ab 23.77±10.86b 7.63±1.50b 8.71±0.34b BaA 35.23±1.70a 31.26±0.82a 49.24±9.40ab 23.13±1.11ab 30.45±13.23a 3.22±0.47b 4.26±1.45b Chr 32.34±1.36a 14.72±7.90a 17.76±1.69ab 12.41±8.48ab 22.77±4.35a 3.61±0.07b 4.45±3.92b 合计 Total 118.86±0.31a 55.84±13.75b 132.19±46.19a 71.73±20.00b 77.99±16.87b 14.46±1.82c 17.42±3.49c 5 BbF 30.14±2.55c 27.65±10.83c 147.29±28.36b 37.84±1.79dc 43.28±11.92c 45.58±47.8c 931.05±36.01a BkF 28.84±0.05ab 18.72±4.84abc 38.98±7.80a 15.98±10.61abc 34.26±18.77ab 6.60±2.89c 12.58±8.34bc BaP 17.18±14.88a 12.35±8.18a 17.33±1.28a 7.37±12.76a 27.04±10.95a 7.13±4.27a 19.43±14.39a DBA 41.14±2.32c 40.61±9.81c 78.39±16.98b 18.50±4.09c 103.08±16.55a 15.75±40.67c 19.86±13.68c 合计 Total 117.29±14.76cd 99.35±7.10cd 281.98±39.32b 70.41±29.11cd 207.66±39.46c 60.75±34.09d 982.88±33.33a 6 BPE 15.30±1.08b 19.92±3.09b 154.93±40.35a 27.21±17.89b 30.90±14.67b — 21.57±19.68b IPY 58.13±4.42c 135.63±34.15b 473.40±24.00a 58.36±24.38c 79.17±26.11c 1.53±0.46d 1.58±0.50d 合计 Total 73.43±5.49d 155.55±33.34b 628.32±18.61a 85.57±9.17cd 110.08±12.10c 1.53±0.46e 23.14±19.97e 1) 同行数据后的不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05，Duncan’s 法)
1) Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference(P<0.05, Duncan’s test)
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表 6 丝瓜各部位中多环芳烃的含量1)
Table 6 PAHs contents in various parts of Luffa cylindrica
苯环数
Benzene
ringsPAHs w/(μg·kg–1) 根
Root茎
Stem叶
Leaf叶柄
Petious果皮
Peel果肉
Flesh果瓤
Pulp2 Nap 0.77±1.18b 14.40±14.60a 7.18±4.15ab 10.09±11.61ab 10.42±2.88ab 1.86±0.85ab 2.76±1.28ab Acy — — — — — — — Ace 124.23±30.42b 172.12±64.00a — 26.68±5.30c — 29.56±12.17c 32.18±1.61c Flu 12.31±10.67b 40.01±0.10a 15.56±26.95b 6.72±5.82b 20.16±2.35ab 13.09±2.01b 20.61±0.69b 合计 Total 137.31±35.01b 226.59±51.45a 22.01±31.53c 43.49±4.07c 30.58±2.70c 44.51±14.49c 53.56±1.85c 3 Phe 20.16±2.55d 23.92±2.60c 33.64±1.69a 15.13±1.13e 13.99±2.05e 35.58±1.78b 49.48±0.54a Ant 3.58±3.10b 3.89±3.40b 12.09±0.20a 3.44±3.24b 2.95±2.56b 3.05±0.45b 3.15±0.46b Fla 31.73±4.34c 30.46±4.20c 41.94±1.59b 18.97±1.78d 17.01±3.24d 36.12±2.31b 62.88±1.94a 合计 Total 55.47±3.54d 58.28±5.84d 87.67±3.45b 37.54±5.10e 33.95±2.93e 74.75±0.060c 115.51±3.01a 4 Pyr 39.88±5.64b 40.37±1.40b 54.34±1.50a 35.11±7.40bcd 15.24±13.31de 23.10±9.49cd 24.05±6.6bc BaA 36.36±21.18bc 41.20±1.30bc 55.06±1.30a 30.64±10.92bcd 17.11±6.86de 20.43±5.22cde 6.50±0.54e Chr 14.97±4.27b 14.98±2.40b 23.06±0.58a 8.90±1.40b 13.89±9.36b 7.25±0.75b 6.87±0.11b 合计
Total
91.21±16.83b 96.56±5.15b 132.47±3.26a 74.65±13.95c 46.25±16.35c 50.78±10.74c 57.06±7.11c 5 BbF 14.51±3.14b 15.80±2.50b 147.11±74.77a 10.27±1.49b 21.60±16.27b 6.02±0.80b 5.44±0.20b BkF 23.93±2.90bc 42.85±4.30bc 256.64±79.21a 23.92±9.97bc 79.24±3.39b 11.71±4.96c 12.06±18.51c BaP 12.43±1.07b 13.50±2.40b 23.16±1.94a 6.18±0.32c 5.44±4.75c 0.93±0.32d 0.84±0.14d DBA 17.33±7.21b 32.99±25.30b 134.52±83.90a 37.20±0.86b 30.66±13.15b 1.45±6.64b 1.92±2.38b 合计 Total 68.20±2.68d 105.14±28.94bc 561.43±33.79a 77.57±9.60cd 136.94±13.02b 20.11±0.15e 20.26±0.78e 6 BPE 29.98±6.64b 33.22±12.30b 84.97±42.57a 19.03±5.19b 15.49±7.62b 9.28±2.03b 8.56±0.35b IPY 34.71±5.64c 330.01±42.60a 248.36±94.32b 48.70±27.62c 37.95±7.52c 21.61±3.35c 6.84±0.09c 合计 Total 64.68±12.27b 363.24±35.02a 333.34±76.10a 67.73±12.85b 53.44±5.85b 30.89±5.03b 15.40±0.31b 1) 同行数据后的不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05，Duncan’s 法)
1) Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference(P<0.05, Duncan’s test)
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表 7 人群摄食瓜类果实产生的PAHs终生致癌风险
Table 7 Lifetime cancer risks from PAHs for people ingesting fruits of cucurbitacae vegetables
蔬菜种类
Vegetable type儿童 Child 青少年 Adolescent 成年人 Adult 老年人 Senior 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 苦瓜 Balsam pear 2.18×10–6 2.16×10–6 1.88×10–6 1.74×10–6 1.31×10–5 1.40×10–5 2.99×10–6 3.03×10–6 节瓜 Chieh qua 1.22×10–5 1.21×10–5 1.05×10–5 9.77×10–6 7.31×10–5 7.84×10–5 1.67×10–5 1.69×10–5 丝瓜 Luffa 1.85×10–6 1.84×10–6 1.60×10–6 1.48×10–6 1.11×10–5 1.19×10–5 2.54×10–6 2.58×10–6
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表 8 人群摄食瓜类可食用部位产生的PAHs终生致癌风险
Table 8 Lifetime cancer risks from PAHs for people ingesting edible portions of cucurbitacae vegetables
蔬菜种类
Vegetable type儿童 Child 青少年 Adolescent 成年人 Adult 老年人 Senior 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 苦瓜 Balsam pear 3.41×10–7 3.40×10–7 2.95×10–7 2.73×10–7 2.05×10–6 2.20×10–6 4.77×10–7 4.75×10–7 节瓜 Chieh qua 2.83×10–7 2.81×10–7 2.44×10–7 2.27×10–7 1.70×10–6 1.82×10–6 3.90×10–7 3.94×10–7 丝瓜 Luffa 1.78×10–7 2.76×10–7 2.41×10–7 2.23×10–7 1.67×10–6 1.80×10–6 3.67×10–7 3.88×10–7
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表 9 人群摄食黄瓜产生的PAHs终生致癌风险
Table 9 Lifetime cancer risk from PAHs for people ingesting Cucumis sativus
黄瓜部位
Cucumber part儿童 Child 青少年 Adolescent 成年人 Adult 老年人 Senior 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 男性 Male 女性 Female 果实 Fruit 1.01×10–5 9.99×10–6 8.68×10–6 8.05×10–6 6.02×10–5 6.47×10–5 1.38×10–5 1.40×10–5 果肉和果瓤 Flesh and pulp 5.21×10–7 5.18×10–7 4.50×10–7 4.18×10–7 3.21×10–6 3.35×10–6 4.70×10–7 4.75×10–7 果肉 Flesh 2.83×10–7 2.81×10–7 2.44×10–7 2.27×10–7 1.70×10–6 1.82×10–6 3.90×10–7 3.94×10–7
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