Nutrient transfer and transformation mechanism of biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer from different raw materials
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摘要:目的
研究对比不同原材料生物炭基渗融尿素肥(Biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer，BIUF)的成肥及养分释放特性，探讨渗融法制肥中生物质种类、热解温度、表面官能团含量对肥料颗粒释放机制的影响，为BIUF缓释性能的进一步优化提供理论指导。
方法以稻壳炭(Husk biochar，HB)、松子壳炭(Pine nut biochar，PNB)、油茶壳炭(Oil-tea biochar，OTB)、花生壳炭(Peanut biochar，PB)和尿素颗粒为原料，采用渗融法制备BIUF，利用万能压力试验机、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪对其成型特性和养分迁移机制进行研究。
结果生物炭颗粒的表观形貌及孔壁厚度影响BIUF的物理性能，与易碎薄片化的生物炭颗粒相比，蜂窝状的生物炭颗粒结构更利于提高BIUF的物理机械性能，抗破碎性能提升1.7~2.3倍。生物炭表面的官能团含量影响BIUF的缓释性能，炭表面的—COOH、—C=O和—OH等官能团与尿素生成稳固的化学态尿素，而链式脂肪醇上的—OH与尿素发生醇解反应，造成BIUF肥力下降，释放周期缩短40%~50%。蜂窝状的稻壳炭孔隙结构复杂、含氧官能团丰富以及链式脂肪醇含量低，所制备的花生壳炭基渗融尿素肥具备优异的抗破碎性能，养分释放周期延长90%以上，具备良好的释放性能。
结论不同生物炭独特的理化性质具备良好的养分吸附性，通过提高热解温度、延长热解时间可提升生物质材料的炭化程度，所制备的BIUF具备优异的物理性能以及一定的缓释性能，对农业的可持续发展具有积极影响。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo study and compare the fertilizer formation and nutrient release characteristics of biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (BIUF) from different raw materials, explore the effects of biomass type, pyrolysis temperature and surface functional group content on the release mechanism of fertilizer granules in fertilizer production by percolation method, and provide a theoretical guidance for further optimization of the slow release performance of BIUF.
MethodBIUF was prepared by the infiltration method using rice husk bichar (HB), pine nut biochar (PNB), oil-tea biochar (OTB), peanut biochar (PB) and urea pellets as raw materials, and its molding characteristics and nutrient migration mechanism were investigated using a universal pressure tester, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analyzer and Fourier infrared spectrometer.
ResultThe apparent morphology and pore wall thickness of biochar particles influenced the physical properties of BIUF. Compared with fragile and flaky biochar particles, the structure of honeycomb-shaped biochar particles was more conducive to improve the physical and mechanical properties of BIUF, and the resistance to fragmentation increased by 1.7−2.3 times. The content of functional groups on the surface of the biochar affects the slow release performance of BIUF. Functional groups such as —COOH, —C=O and —OH on the charcoal surface produced a solid chemical state urea with urea, while —OH on chain fatty alcohols reacted in an alcoholysis reaction with urea, resulting in reduced fertility of BIUF and a 40% to 50% shorter release cycle. Due to the complex pore structure of the honeycomb husk biochar, the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups and the low content of chain fatty alcohols, the prepared peanut BIUF possessed excellent fragmentation resistance, while the nutrient release cycle was prolonged by more than 90%, with good release performance.
ConclusionThe unique physicochemical properties of different biochars have good nutrient adsorption properties. By increasing the pyrolysis temperature and extending the pyrolysis time, the charring degree of biomass materials can be enhanced, and the prepared BIUF has excellent physical properties and certain slow-release properties, which have a positive impact on the sustainable development of agriculture.
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图 1 生物炭基渗融尿素肥(BIUF)的制备流程
Figure 1. The flow chart of biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (BIUF) preparation
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图 2 生物炭基渗融尿素肥(BIUF)与尿素的缓释性能
PNBF：松子壳炭基渗融尿素肥；PBF：花生壳炭基渗融尿素肥；OTBF：油茶壳炭基渗融尿素肥；Urea：纯尿素颗粒；HBF：稻壳炭基渗融尿素肥
Figure 2. The slow-release performances of biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (BIUF) and urea
PNBF: Pine nut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer; PBF: Peanut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer; OTBF: Oil-tea biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer; Urea: Pure urea particles; HBF: Husk biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer
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图 3 生物炭基渗融尿素肥(BIUF)的抗破碎性能
PBF：花生壳炭基渗融尿素肥；OTBF：油茶壳炭基渗融尿素肥；PNBF：松子壳炭基渗融尿素肥；HBF：稻壳炭基渗融尿素肥
Figure 3. Crushing resistance of biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (BIUF)
PBF: Peanut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer; OTBF: Oil-tea biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer; PNBF: Pine nut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer; HBF: Husk biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer
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图 4 生物炭和生物炭基渗融尿素肥的表观形貌
a：花生壳炭(PB)；b：松子壳炭(PNB)；c：油茶壳炭(OTB)；d：稻壳炭(HB)；e：花生壳炭基渗融尿素肥(PBF)；f：松子壳炭基渗融尿素肥(PNBF)；g：油茶壳炭基渗融尿素肥(OTBF)；h：稻壳炭基渗融尿素肥(HBF)
Figure 4. The apparent morphology of biochar and biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer
a: Peanut biochar (PB); b: Pine nut biochar (PNB); c: Oil-tea biochar (OTB); d: Husk biochar (HB); e: Peanut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (PBF); f: Pine nut biochar-based infiltraed urea fertilizer (PNBF); g: Oil-tea biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (OTBF); h: Husk biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (HBF)
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图 5 生物炭(a、c)和生物炭基渗融尿素肥(b、d)的热稳定性分析
图a、c中，HB：稻壳炭，PB：花生壳炭，PNB：松子壳炭，OTB：油茶壳炭；图b、d中，PNBF：松子壳炭基渗融尿素肥，HBF：稻壳炭基渗融尿素肥，OTBF：油茶壳炭基渗融尿素肥，PBF：花生壳炭基渗融尿素肥，Urea：纯尿素颗粒
Figure 5. The thermal stability analyses of biochar (a, c) and biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (b, d)
In figure a and c, HB: Husk biochar, PB: Peanut biocharr, PNB: Pine nut biochar, OTB: Oil-tea biochar; In figure b and d, PNBF: Pine nut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer, HBF: Husk biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer, OTBF: Oil-tea biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer, PBF: Peanut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer; Urea: Pure urea particles
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图 6 生物炭(a)和生物炭基渗融尿素肥(b)的红外分析
图a中，HB：稻壳炭，PNB：松子壳炭，OTB：油茶壳炭，PB：花生壳炭；图b中，Urea：纯尿素颗粒，HBF：稻壳炭基渗融尿素肥，PNBF：松子壳炭基渗融尿素肥，OTBF：油茶壳炭基渗融尿素肥，PBF：花生壳炭基渗融尿素肥
Figure 6. The FTIR analyses of biochar (a) and biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer (b)
In figure a, HB: Husk biochar, PNB: Pine nut biochar, OTB: Oil-tea biochar, PB: Peanut biocharr; In figure b, Urea: Pure urea particles, HBF: Husk biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilize, PNBF: Pine nut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer, OTBF: Oil-tea biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer, PBF: Peanut biochar-based infiltrated urea fertilizer
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