Design and experiment of precision seeder with double seed filling type hole roller for hybrid rice seedling raising
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摘要:目的
为满足杂交稻钵苗育秧低播量精密播种的农艺要求，解决型孔滚筒式育秧播种器作业过程中稻种在充种室流动性差、充种可靠性低、漏播指数高以及型孔易堵塞等问题，设计一种双充种型孔滚筒式杂交稻育秧精密播种器。
方法基于PLC控制技术，搭建型孔充种性能检测与控制系统，对播种器的关键部件进行设计，并通过EDEM离散元软件开展不同型孔形状、第一充种室充种位置角及生产率对充种性能影响的仿真试验，对第一充种区的型孔滚筒工作参数进行优化。研制试验样机并进行性能试验，试验材料为‘培杂泰丰’杂交稻。试验分2步：第1步，第二充种机构不动作，采用三因素三水平正交试验，研究型孔深度、生产率和第一充种室充种位置角对试验指标的影响，验证仿真准确性；第2步，启动第二充种机构，研究进行双充种作用下的不同振动频率对试验指标的影响，探明设计第二充种机构后播种性能。
结果第1步试验结果表明，影响播种合格指数与重播指数的因素主次顺序为型孔深度>生产率>第一充种室充种位置角；影响漏播指数的因素主次顺序为生产率>型孔深度>第一充种室充种位置角。第2步试验结果表明，当型孔形状为椭圆凹槽形，第一充种室的充种位置角为35°、第二充种室振动频率为27 Hz、生产率在400~600盘/h，播种合格指数均大于90%，漏播指数均小于3%，试验结果满足杂交稻低播量精密播种的农艺要求。
结论采用双充种的填充方式改善了播种器每穴的填充性能，减少了漏播指数，本研究结果为轻简型杂交稻钵苗育秧精密播种机的开发提供了理论依据。
Abstract:ObjectiveIn order to meet the agronomic requirements of low sowing rate and precision sowing of hybrid rice potted-seedling raising, and solve the problems of poor fluidity of rice seeds in the seed filling chamber, low seed filling reliability, high missing sowing index and easy blockage of type holes during the operation of seedling raising seeder with type hole roller, a precision seeder with double seed filling type hole roller for hybrid rice seedling raising was designed.
MethodBased on PLC control technology, a detection and control system for type hole seed filling performance was built, and the key components were analyzed and designed. The simulation tests of the influences of the seed filling performance of different type hole shapes, the seed filling position angle of the first seed filling chamber, and the productivity on seed filling performance were carried out through EDEM discrete element software, to optimize the working parameters of the type hole roller in the first seed filling area. The experimental prototype was developed for post performance test, and rice variety was ‘Peizataifeng’ hybrid rice. The test was divided into two steps. In the first step, the second seed filling mechanism did not act, a three-factor-three-level orthogonal test was adopted to study the effects of type hole depth, productivity and seed filling position angle of the first seed filling chamber on the test indexes, and verify the accuracy of the simulation research. The second step was through the action of the second seed filling mechanism to study the effects of different vibration frequencies on the test indexes under double seed filling, and prove the sowing performance after designing the second seed filling mechanism.
ResultThe results of the first step showed that the order of factors affecting qualified index and replay sowing index was type hole depth > productivity > seed filling position angle of the first filling chamber; The order of the factors affecting the missing sowing index was productivity > type hole depth > seed filling position angle of the first filling chamber. The results of the second step showed that when the type hole shape was oval groove, the seed filling position angle of the first seed filling chamber was 35°, the vibration frequency of the second seed filling chamber was 27 Hz and the productivity was 400−600 discs/h, the qualified index of sowing was above 90%, and the missing sowing index was below 3%. The test results met the agronomic requirements of low sowing rate and precision sowing of hybrid rice.
ConclusionThe double seed filling method improves the filling performance of each hole of the seeder and reduces the missing sowing index. The results of this study provide references for developing the light and simple precision seeder for hybrid rice potted-seedling raising.
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图 1 双充种型孔滚筒式杂交稻育秧精密播种器结构图
1：隔板；2：导种板Ⅰ；3：导种板Ⅱ；4：充种角调节机构；5：导种板Ⅲ；6：电磁振动器；7：卸种板；8：第一充种区；9：型孔滚筒；10：钢丝推种机构；11：心轴；12：护种机构；13：对射式光电传感器；14：侧板；15：清种轮；16：第二充种区；17：V型槽板；18：滑种板Ⅰ；19：滑种板Ⅱ
Figure 1. Structural schematic diagram of precision seeder with double seed filling type hole roller for hybrid rice seedling raising
1: Clapboard; 2: Seed guiding plate I; 3: Seed guiding plate II; 4: Seed filling angle adjusting mechanism; 5: Seed guiding plate III; 6: Electromagnetic vibrator; 7: Seed unloading plate; 8: First seed filling area; 9: Type hole roller; 10: Steel wire seed pushing mechanism; 11: Spindle; 12: Seed protection mechanism; 13: Opposed photoelectric sensor; 14: Side plate; 15: Seed cleaning wheel; 16: Second seed filling area; 17: V-shaped groove plate; 18: Seed sliding plate I; 19: Seed sliding plate II
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图 7 滚筒结构示意图
L：滚筒宽度；L1：型孔间距；L2：型孔中心间距；D：滚筒直径
Figure 7. Structural sketch of the roller
L: Width of the roller; L1: Distance between the type holes; L2: Distance between the center of the type holes; D: Diameter of the roller
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图 8 第二充种机构结构示意图
1：型孔滚筒；2：稻种；3：隔板；4：滑种板Ⅰ；5：滑种板Ⅱ；6：种量调节板；7：V型槽板；8：刮种片；9：安装板；10：电磁直振器；11：回流稻种
Figure 8. Structural sketch of the second seed filling mechanism
1: Type hole roller; 2: Rice seed; 3: Clapboard; 4: Seed sliding plate I; 5: Seed sliding plate II; 6: Seed quantity adjusting plate; 7: V-shaped groove plate; 8: Seed scraper; 9: Mounting plate; 10: Electromagnetic vibrator; 11: Reflux rice seed
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图 10 稻种充入型孔运动学分析
v0：滚筒边缘线速度；bk：型孔宽度；α：第一充种区充种位置角；d：稻种短轴当量直径；$\omega $：滚筒角速度；R：滚筒半径
Figure 10. Kinematics analysis of rice seeds filling type holes
v0: Linear speed of the roller edge; bk: Width of the type hole; α: Seed filling position angle of the first seed filling area; d: Equivalent diameter of short axis of rice seed; $\omega $: Angular speed of the roller; R: Roller radius
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图 11 第二充种机构原理及稻种运动分析
1：V型槽；2：稻种；3：安装板；4：电磁铁；5：衔铁；6：激振线圈；7：主板簧；8：底座；α1：电磁直振器安装倾角；F0：稻种受到的摩擦力；G：稻种重力；S：激振力方向；β：振动方向角
Figure 11. Principle of the second seed filling mechanism and motion analysis of rice seeds
1: V-groove; 2: Rice seed; 3: Mounting plate; 4: Electromagnet; 5: Armature; 6: Exciting coil; 7: Main board spring; 8: Base; α1: Installation angle of electromagnetic vibrator; F0: Friction force of rice seed; G: Gravity of rice seed; S: Direction of exciting force; β: Vibration direction angle
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图 13 不同形状型孔尺寸示意图
l1和h1、l2和h2、l3和h3分别表示圆柱形型孔、圆弧形型孔、椭圆凹槽形型孔的长度和深度
Figure 13. Diagram of dimension for different shapes of type hole
l1 and h1, l2 and h2, l3 and h3 represent the length and depth of cylindrical, circular arc and oval groove type holes respectively
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图 14 不同仿真时间稻种颗粒的速度变化
Figure 14. Velocity variation of rice seed particles at different simulation time
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图 15 不同充种位置角的稻种速度变化曲线
Figure 15. Variation curves of rice seed velocity at different seed filling position angles
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图 16 不同滚筒转速下稻种与滚筒的接触法向力变化曲线
Figure 16. Variation curve of contact normal force between rice seed and roller at different rotation speeds of roller
表 1 不同稻种姿态概率比较
Table 1 Probability comparison of different posture of rice seeds
品种
Cultivar长/mm
Length宽/mm
Width高/mm
Height概率/% Probability 排序
Ranking平躺Lie flat(PL)
侧卧Lie on side(PS) 竖立Erect(PE) 培杂泰丰 Peizataifeng 9.01 2.68 2.00 50.5 37.8 11.7 PL>PS>PE 国稻1号 Guodao No. 1 10.02 2.09 2.54 49.2 40.5 10.3 PL>PS>PE 华航38号 Huahang No. 38 9.94 2.11 2.46 48.3 41.4 10.3 PL>PS>PE 
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表 2 3种形状型孔尺寸参数及充种性能仿真结果1)
Table 2 Size parameters and seed filling simulation results for three shapes of type hole
型孔形状
Type hole shape长度/mm
Length深度/mm
HeightY1/% Y2/% Y3/% 圆柱形
Cylindrical12.0 4.5 84.1 11.7 4.2 14.0 5.0 83.9 9.8 6.3 16.0 5.5 83.8 7.8 8.4 圆弧形
Circular arc12.0 4.5 88.0 7.4 4.6 14.0 5.0 87.2 5.9 6.9 16.0 5.5 86.8 4.7 8.5 椭圆凹槽形
Oval groove12.0 4.5 90.5 6.4 3.1 14.0 5.0 90.3 5.2 4.5 16.0 5.5 89.9 4.7 5.4 1)Y1：合格指数；Y2：漏播指数；Y3：重播指数
1) Y1: Qualified index; Y2: Missing sowing index; Y3: Replay sowing index
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表 3 不同充种位置角充种性能仿真结果1)
Table 3 Simulation results of seed filling performance at different seed filling position angles
% 充种位置角/(°)
Seed filling position angleY1 Y2 Y3 30 90.5 6.4 3.1 35 91.6 5.5 2.9 40 90.4 5.9 3.7 1)Y1：合格指数；Y2：漏播指数；Y3：重播指数
1) Y1: Qualified index; Y2: Missing sowing index; Y3: Replay sowing index
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表 4 不同生产率下的充种性能仿真结果1)
Table 4 Simulation results of seed filling performance at different productivity
% 生产率/(盘·h−1)
ProductivityY1 Y2 Y3 400 92.5 4.2 3.3 500 91.6 5.5 2.9 600 89.8 6.7 3.5 1)Y1：合格指数；Y2：漏播指数；Y3：重播指数
1) Y1: Qualified index; Y2: Missing sowing index; Y3: Replay sowing index
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表 5 试验因素与水平
Table 5 Factors and levels of test
水平
Level型孔
深度/mm
Type
hole depth生产率/
(盘·h−1)
Productivity充种
位置角/(°)
Seed filling
position angle振动
频率/Hz
Vibration
frequency1 4.5 400 30 23 2 5.0 500 35 25 3 5.5 600 40 27
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表 6 第二充种机构不动作试验方案及结果
Table 6 Design and results of the second seed filling mechanism non-action
% 试验序号
Test number水平 Level 合格指数(Y1)
Qualified
index漏播指数(Y2)
Missing sowing
index重播指数(Y3)
Replay sowing
index型孔深度(A)
Hole depth生产率(B)
Productivity充种位置角(C)
Seed filling position angle1 1 1 1 92.5 4.8 2.7 2 1 2 2 92.4 5.4 2.2 3 1 3 3 91.7 6.3 2.0 4 2 1 2 90.4 4.7 4.9 5 2 2 3 90.3 5.4 4.3 6 2 3 1 90.2 5.8 4.0 7 3 1 3 89.7 3.9 6.4 8 3 2 1 89.4 4.4 6.2 9 3 3 2 88.8 5.3 5.9
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指数 Index 因素 Factor k1 k2 k3 R Y1 A 92.2 90.3 89.3 2.9 B 90.9 90.7 90.2 0.7 C 90.7 90.5 90.6 0.2 Y2 A 5.5 5.3 4.5 1.0 B 4.5 5.0 5.8 1.3 C 5.0 5.1 5.2 0.2 Y3 A 2.3 4.4 6.2 3.9 B 4.7 4.2 4.0 0.7 C 4.3 4.3 4.2 0.1
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表 7 不同振动频率下性能试验结果1)
Table 7 Performance test results under different vibration frequencies
% 生产率/(盘·h−1)
Productivity振动频率/Hz
Vibration frequencyY1 Y2 Y3 400 23 92.4 3.1 4.5 25 92.1 2.6 5.3 27 91.9 1.8 6.3 500 23 91.7 3.3 5.0 25 91.4 2.9 5.7 27 91.1 2.7 6.2 600 23 90.9 4.7 4.4 25 90.5 3.4 6.1 27 90.2 2.9 6.9 1)Y1：合格指数，Y2：漏播指数，Y3：重播指数
1) Y1: Qualified index, Y2: Missing sowing index, Y3: Replay sowing index
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