Effects of phosphorus application rate in controlled release formula fertilizer on yield and phosphorus use efficiency of banana in phosphorus-rich soil
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摘要:目的
探讨土壤富磷情况下，施用磷肥的必要性和重要性，明确控释配方肥中磷肥用量对香蕉产量、磷累积量及磷肥利用率的影响，为确定控释配方肥磷的配比及富磷土壤合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。
方法采用磷梯度大田试验，研究控释配方肥的磷肥供应水平对香蕉产期、产量、磷累积量和磷肥利用率的影响。
结果在Bray-P为158 mg·kg−1的富磷土壤上，固定氮(N)200 g·株−1和钾(K2O) 400 g·株−1的供应水平下，当磷肥(P2O5)用量为80 g·株−1时，促进香蕉提早抽蕾和提前收获效果最为明显，同期收获率较其他处理提高5.3~31.1个百分点；随着磷肥用量的增加，香蕉产量和肥料利用率均呈先增加后降低的趋势，其中磷肥用量为80 g·株−1时，香蕉产量和当季磷肥表观利用率最高，分别达到27.7 kg·株−1和16.0%。
结论在有效磷高的富磷土壤上，施磷可以提高香蕉产量和增加经济效益，建议控释配方肥的氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)的配比为1.0∶0.4∶2.0，香蕉氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)推荐施肥量分别为200、80和400 g·株−1，其中控释氮占总氮的20%。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the necessity and importance of phosphorus fertilization in phosphorus-rich soil, clarify the effects of phosphorus application rate in controlled release formula fertilizer on banana yield, phosphorus accumulation and use efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer, and provide a theoretical basis for determining fertilizer formula and rational application of phosphorus fertilizer in phosphorus-rich soil.
MethodThe field experiment of phosphorus gradient was carried out to study the effects of phosphorus application rate in the controlled release formula fertilizer on banana shooting and harvest time, yield, phosphorus accumulation and phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency.
ResultIn phosphorus-rich soil with Bray-P of 158 mg·kg−1, the supply levels of nitrogen (200 g N per plant) and potassium (400 g K2O per plant) were fixed. When the phosphorus application rate was 80 g P2O5 per plant, the effect of promoting bud emerging and harvest time of banana was most obvious, and the harvest rate at the same period increased by 5.3 to 31.1 percentage points than other treatments. The banana yield and phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency both increased first and then decreased with the increase of the phosphorus application rate. When the phosphorus application rate was 80 g P2O5 per plant, the banana yield and apparent P recovery efficiency in the current season were the highest reaching 27.7 kg·plant−1 and 16.0%, respectively.
ConclusionIn phosphorus-rich soil, phosphorus application can increase the banana yield and economic benefit. The ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), and potassium (K2O) in the controlled release formula fertilizer was recommended to be 1.0∶0.4∶2.0, and the recommended fertilization application rates were 200 g N, 80 g P2O5 and 400 g K2O per banana plant, of which controlled release N accounted for 20% of total nitrogen.
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图 1 磷肥用量对香蕉抽蕾和收获的影响
P0~P6表示w(P2O5)分别为0、25.6、53.3、80.0、106.7、133.0和160.0 g·株−1；各图中，柱子上方的不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
Figure 1. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application rate on banana shooting and harvest
P0 – P6 indicate the phosphorus(P2O5) application rates of 0, 25.6, 53.3, 80.0, 106.7, 133.3 and 160.0 g·plant−1 respectively; In each figure, different lowercase letters on the columns indicate significant differences (P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
表 1 氮、磷、钾肥的施用时期及比例
Table 1 Fertilization time and application ratio of N, P, K fertilizer
w/% 生长阶段 Growth stage N P2O5 K2O 大田苗期(9~11片叶) Field seedling stage (9 – 11 leaves) 30 20 10 营养生长旺盛期(16~18片叶) Fast growth stage (16 – 18 leaves) 40 40 40 孕蕾期(24~26片叶) Bud promotion stage (24 – 26 leaves) 20 30 40 幼果期 Young fruit stage 10 10 10 
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表 2 磷肥用量对香蕉产量和经济效益的影响
Table 2 Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application rate on banana yield and economic benefit
处理编号
No. of
treatment磷肥用量/(g·株−1)
Phosphorus fertilizer
application rate产量1)/
(kg·株−1)
Yield增产量2)/
(kg·株−1)
Yield increment增产幅度/%
Increasing
range单株利润3)/
元
Profit per plant利润3)/
(元·hm−2)
ProfitP0 0 24.9±1.1b P1 25.6 25.0±0.8b 0.1 0.4 0.3 681.0 P2 53.3 25.7±0.4ab 0.8 3.2 2.9 5 712.0 P3 80.0 27.7±0.5a 2.8 10.8 10.6 21 262.5 P4 106.7 26.6±0.5ab 1.7 6.8 6.2 12 369.0 P5 133.3 26.9±0.6ab 2.0 7.4 7.1 14 208.0 P6 160.0 22.2±0.6c −2.7 −10.0 −11.7 −23 386.5 1)该列数据为平均值±标准误，n=24，该列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)；2)增产量=施磷区产量–不施磷区产量；3)利润=增产产值–肥料成本，速效N成本为3.70 元·kg−1，控释N成本为8.61 元·kg−1，P2O5成本为5.42 元·kg−1，K2O成本为5.67 元·kg−1，香蕉售价平均为4 元·kg−1
1) Data in the yield column are means ± standard errors, n=24; Different lowercase letters in the yield column indicate significant differences (P<0.05, Duncan’s method). 2) Yield increment = yield in phosphorus application area − yield in phosphorus-free area. 3) Profit = Production value − Fertilizer cost; Fertilizer cost: Available nitrogen fertilizer 3.7 yuan·kg−1, controlled release nitrogen fertilizer 8.61 yuan·kg−1, P2O5 5.42 yuan·kg−1, K2O 5.67 yuan·kg−1; Average selling price of banana fruit is 4.0 yuan·kg−1 in orchard
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表 3 磷肥用量对香蕉各部位磷累积量的影响1)
Table 3 Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application rates on phosphorus accumulation in different organs of banana
处理编号
No. of treatment磷肥用量/(g·株−1)
Phosphorus fertilizer
application rate磷累积量/(g·株−1) Phosphorus accumulation 果实
Fruit果轴
Bunch stalk球茎
Corm假茎
Pseado-stem叶片
Leaf整株
Total plantP0 0 5.7±0.4b 0.4±0.1cd 0.6±0.0e 4.3±0.2c 2.2±0.2b 13.3±0.6d P1 25.6 6.2±0.1ab 0.4±0.0cd 0.6±0.0de 5.0±0.1abc 2.5±0.3b 14.6±0.1cd P2 53.3 5.8±0.5b 0.5±0.0abc 0.8±0.1bc 6.4±0.5a 2.4±0.1b 15.9±0.8bc P3 80.0 7.0±0.2a 0.6±0.1a 0.8±0.1cd 6.5±1.0a 4.1±0.4a 18.9±0.6a P4 106.7 6.3±0.1ab 0.4±0.0bcd 0.8±0.0bc 5.4±0.3abc 3.3±0.7ab 16.3±1.0bc P5 133.3 5.8±0.1b 0.5±0.0ab 1.1±0.1a 6.2±0.2ab 3.7±0.2a 17.4±0.2ab P6 160.0 5.8±0.2b 0.3±0.0d 0.9±0.1ab 4.7±0.5bc 2.6±0.1b 14.7±0.5cd 1)表中数据为平均值±标准误，n=3；同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
1)Data in the table are means ± standard errors, n=3; Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
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表 4 磷肥用量对香蕉磷利用率的影响1)
Table 4 Effect of phosphorus application rate on phosphorus use efficiency of banana
处理编号
No. of
treatment磷肥用量/(g·株−1)
Phosphorus fertilizer
application rate磷肥表观利用率/%
Apparent P
recovery efficiency磷肥农学利用效率/(kg·kg−1)
Agronomic P
use efficiency磷肥偏生产力/(kg·kg−1)
Partial factor
productivity of PP0 0 P1 25.6 11.6±0.6ab 5.6±4.4c 938.1±4.4a P2 53.3 10.9±3.4ab 15.3±1.5b 482.4±1.5b P3 80.0 16.0±1.6a 34.8±1.8a 346.1±1.8c P4 106.7 6.5±2.1bc 15.5±0.4b 248.9±0.4d P5 133.3 7.0±0.3bc 14.9±0.7b 201.7±0.7e P6 160.0 1.5±0.7c −16.7±0.6d 138.9±0.6f 1)表中数据为平均值±标准误，n=3；同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
1)Data in the table are means ± standard errors, n=3; Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
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