Development situation and problem analysis of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle in China
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摘要:
植保无人机作为我国农业航空产业的重要组成之一，近年来的迅猛发展和应用引起了人们广泛的关注。为全面、深入地了解中国植保无人机的发展形势及存在的问题，农业农村部农机化司委托华南农业大学国家精准农业航空施药技术国际联合研究中心统计和撰写了“2016年我国农用植保无人飞机发展形势分析与政策建议”的报告。在此报告的基础上，本文对我国植保无人机的类型、生产企业及保有量分布情况进行了统计和分析，比较全面地展示了中国植保无人机行业的发展状况，总结和提出了目前植保无人机行业发展中在关键施药技术研究、相关标准制订以及监督管理这3个方面存在的主要问题及建议，并对植保无人机的市场前景、关键技术和作业服务模式的发展趋势进行了预测，以期为国内科研机构和企业的科学研究及应用提供参考，加快我国植保无人机产业的发展进程，促进和推动我国植保无人机产业的健康快速发展。
Abstract:Plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was an important component in China agricultural aviation industry, its rapid development and application in recent years attracted extensive attention. In order to thoroughly and deeply understand the current development situation and problems of plant protection UAV in China, the Department of Agricultural Mechanization Management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs commissioned National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology of South China Agricultural University to perform a survey and generate a report of “Analysis of the Development Situation and Policy Suggestion for Agricultural Plant Protection UAV in China in 2016”. Based on this report, this paper performs statistical analyses on the type distribution, enterprises distribution and ownership distribution of plant protection UAV in China. The overall situation of plant protection UAV in China is presented. The main problems and suggestions related to the research of key pesticide spraying technology, the establishment of relevant standard and the management of supervision in the development of plant protection UAV industry are summarized and put forward. And the development trend of market prospect, key technologies and operation service mode of plant protection UAV are forecasted. It is expected to provide references for scientific research and application of domestic scientific research institutions and enterprises, which can promote and encourage the development process of plant protection UAV industry in China.
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图 2 植保无人机升力部件和动力部件类型分布
Figure 2. Type distributions of lift and power components of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
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图 3 全国部分省市植保无人机企业分布
Figure 3. Distributions of enterprises related to plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in various provinces in China
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图 4 全国各省市植保无人机保有量分布
Figure 4. Ownership distributions of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in various provinces in China
表 1 植保无人机电动机型和油动机型的优劣比较
Table 1 Comparisons of advantages and disadvantages between electric and oil-powered plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
机型 Type 优势 Advantage 劣势 Disadvantage 电动植保无人机
Electric plant protection UAV环保，无废气，不造成农田污染；结构简单，轻便灵活，易于操作和维护，普及化程度高，售价低，易于用户接受；电机寿命长 载荷较油动机型小，载荷范围5~15 L；航时短，单架次作业面积小；采用锂电池作为动力源，场外需配置发电机或多块电池； 油动植保无人机
Oil-powered plant protection UAV载荷大，载荷范围可达15~20 L；航时长，单架次作业范围大；下洗风场大，药液穿透性较好；抗风性能较好 不环保，废气和废油易造成农田污染；售价高，个体用户难以接受；结构复杂，整体维护困难，故障率较高；操控难度大，操控水平要求高；寿命较短，发动机易磨损 
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表 2 植保无人机单旋翼机型和多旋翼机型的优劣比较
Table 2 Comparisons of advantages and disadvantages between single-rotor and multi-rotor plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
机型 Type 优势 Advantage 劣势 Disadvantage 单旋翼植保无人机
Single-rotor plant protection UAV抗风能力好；下洗风场大、风场稳定、
穿透力强，喷雾作业效果好结构较为复杂，价格较高；操控难度较多旋翼机型大，对飞行员的操作水平要求较高 多旋翼植保无人机
Multi-rotor plant protection UAV成本小，价格低；振动小，飞行稳定性
好；结构简单，易维护；自动化程度高，
容易操控，对操控员要求较低；场地适
应能力好，轻便灵活。抗风能力弱；载质量小；下洗风场小、紊乱，穿透力弱，喷雾作业效果略差
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