Design and test of pre-cutting type sugarcane planter
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摘要:目的
研制一种预切种式甘蔗种植一体机，以便连续完成开沟、施肥、排放种苗、覆土、盖膜等一次性作业。
方法利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对甘蔗种植机的机架进行模态分析，通过田间试验获取3种开沟犁的犁沟土壤扰动指数；设计液压传动系统、播种机构、开沟覆土装置、施肥机构和覆膜机构，并通过田间试验获得甘蔗种植机的种植深度合格率、覆土厚度合格率、种植密度、伤芽率、漏株率、施肥量稳定性变异系数、地膜破损率等。
结果模拟结果表明当激励频率为134.47~514.35 Hz时，机架容易发生共振，且最大位移可达19.67 mm。田间试验表明凸线型开沟犁的土壤扰动指数为17.05，最大沟深可达19.13 cm，符合甘蔗种植沟深的标准。甘蔗种植深度合格率为83%，覆土厚度合格率为91%，种植密度为135 331 hm−2，伤芽率为4.7%，漏株率为4.5%，施肥量稳定性变异系数为6.1%，地膜破损率为51%，均符合甘蔗种植机的设计标准。
结论该小型预切种式甘蔗种植一体机符合设计要求，能够显著提高甘蔗种植的效率。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo design a pre-cutting type and all-in-one sugarcane planter, so as to open furrows, fertilize, discharge seedlings, cover soil and cover film during a single operation.
MethodThe finite element analysis software ANSYS was used for modal analysis of the sugarcane planter. The soil disturbance indexes of three furrow ploughs were obtained through field experiments. The hydraulic transmission system, seeding mechanism, furrow covering device, fertilization mechanism and film covering mechanism were designed. We used field experiments to measure the qualified rates of planting depth and covering soil thickness, planting density, bud injury rate, missing rate, coefficient of variation in stability of fertilization amount and rate of plastic film damage of the sugarcane planter.
ResultThe simulation results showed that the frame was prone to resonance when the excitation frequency was from 134.47 to 514.35 Hz, and the maximum displacement could reach 19.67 mm. The results of field experiment showed that the soil disturbance index of convex furrow plough was 17.05, and the maximum furrow depth was 19.13 cm, which met the standard of sugarcane planting furrow depth. The qualified rate of planting depth was 83%, the qualified rate of covering soil thickness was 91%, the planting density was 135 331 hm−2, the bud injury rate was 4.7%, the missing rate was 4.5%, the coefficient of variation in stability of fertilization amount was 6.1%, and the rate of plastic film damage was 51%, which all met the design criteria of sugarcane planter.
ConclusionThis small pre-cutting type and all-in-one sugarcane planting machine meets the design requirements and can significantly improve sugarcane planting efficiency.
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图 1 预切种式甘蔗种植一体机
1：施肥机构；2：开沟盖土装置；3：机架；4：覆膜装置；5：种箱；6：播种机构
Figure 1. Pre-cutting type and all-in-one sugarcane planting machine
1: Fertilization mechanism; 2: Furrow covering device; 3: Frame; 4: Film covering device; 5: Seed box; 6: Seeding mechanism
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图 3 开沟覆土装置
1：开沟犁；2：侧板；3：旁犁；4：M形回泥板；5：弧形甘蔗挡板
Figure 3. Model of trenching and covering device
1: Furrow plough; 2: Side panel; 3: Side plough; 4: M-shape return board; 5: Curved sugarcane baffle
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图 4 开沟犁原理图
θ：前角；ε：穿透间隙角；l：开沟犁的高度
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of furrow plough
θ: Front angle; ε: Penetrating clearance angle; l: Height of the furrower
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图 5 开沟器结构示意图
θ：前角；ε：穿透间隙角；l：开沟犁的高度；O：坐标原点；Oa：圆心；Z：切削刃顶点
Figure 5. Structural diagram of tine furrow opener
θ: Front angle; ε: Penetrating clearance angle; l: Height of the furrower; O: Origin of coordinates; Oa: Center of the circle; Z: Apex of the cutting edge
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图 6 沟槽剖面示意图
H：沟槽的最大深度；W：沟槽的最大宽度
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the groove section
H: Maximum depth of groove; W: Maximum width of groove
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图 7 液压回路
1：滤油器；2：液压泵；3、5：溢流阀；4：换向阀；6、7：单向阀；8：调速阀；9、11：液压马达；10：调速阀
Figure 7. Hydraulic circuit
1: Oil filter; 2: Hydraulic pump; 3 and 5: Overflow valve; 4: Reversing valve; 6 and 7: One-way valve; 8: Speed regulating valve; 9 and 11: Hydraulic motor; 10: Speed regulating valve
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图 8 播种机构
1：液压马达；2：支架；3：排种箱；4：电动机；5：种箱处蔗种引导板；6：U型槽滚轮；7：刮板；8：内挡板；9：传送机构顶部蔗种引导板
Figure 8. Sowing mechanism
1: Hydraulic motor; 2: Bracket; 3: Seed metering box; 4: Motor; 5: Sugarcane seed guiding plate at seed box; 6: U-shape trough roller; 7: Scraper; 8: Inner baffle; 9: Sugarcane seed guiding plate at top of conveyor mechanism
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图 9 链式排种器示意图
1：外链板；2：带有连接板的外链板；3：刮板
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of chain seed metering device
1: Outer chain plate; 2: External chain plate with connecting plate; 3: Scraper
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图 10 施肥装置的3D模型
1：肥料箱；2：支架；3：锥体；4：导管；5：圆盘；6：刮板安装架；7：法兰盘；8：液压马达支架
Figure 10. 3D model of fertilizing device
1: Fertilizer box; 2: Bracket; 3: Cone; 4: Conduit; 5: Disc; 6: Scraper mounting bracket; 7: Flange; 8: Hydraulic motor bracket
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图 11 覆膜机构示意图
1：固定绞链；2：连接架；3：支承架；4：覆膜轮连接杆；5：复位弹簧支架；6：回泥盘7：地膜压实轮；8：复位弹簧安装架；9：装膜支架
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of mulching mechanism
1: Fixed strand; 2: Connecting frame; 3: Supporting frame; 4: Connecting rod of mulching whee; 5: Bracket of reset spring; 6: Mud returning tray; 7: Film compacting wheel; 8: Mounting frame of reset spring; 9: Film mounting bracket
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图 13 机架各阶固有频率与总振幅
Figure 13. Natural frequencies and total amplitudes of frames with different order number
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