Effects of neem bioorganic fertilizer on banana growth and fusarium wilt
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摘要:目的
有效利用印楝渣废弃资源研制印楝渣生物药肥，并探讨其对香蕉Musa acuminata生长和香蕉枯萎病的影响。
方法将耐药生防菌(解淀粉芽孢杆菌HN-11) 与印楝渣混合发酵，制备印楝渣生物药肥；通过抑菌和盆栽试验，测定印楝渣生物药肥对香蕉生长的影响以及对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果；采用扫描电镜观察其对病原菌菌丝形态结构的影响。
结果生防菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌HN-11对香蕉枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 4号生理小种(Foc4) 有明显的抑制作用，抑菌率为72.1%。生防菌株HN-11与印楝渣具有良好相容性，制备的印楝渣生物药肥施用质量分数为5%和10%时，处理组香蕉的长势好于对照，鲜质量、干质量、株高和茎粗均有不同程度的提高，与对照差异显著；施用印楝渣生物药肥组香蕉的病情指数分别为20和25，对香蕉枯萎病的防病率分别达到72.2%和77.8%；生防菌HN-11能降低土壤中病原菌Foc4孢子数，破坏菌丝形态结构。
结论印楝渣与生防菌HN-11发酵腐熟施用可避免对香蕉产生药害，制成的印楝渣生物药肥对香蕉的生长具有明显促进作用，能有效控制香蕉枯萎病的发生。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo manufacture neem bioorganic fertilizer using neem cake waste, and test its effects on banana growth and fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.
MethodNeem bioorganic fertilizer was prepared by fermenting neem cake with a biocontrol bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HN-11. The effects of neem bioorganic fertilizer on banana growth and fusarium wilt were determinated by inhibition test and pot experiment. The pathogen mycelial morphology was observed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
ResultB.amyloliquefaciens HN-11 had obvious inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum Foc4 with an inhibition rate of 72.1%. Biocontrol strain HN-11 had good compatibility with neem cake. Treated with 5% and 10% neem bioorganic fertilizer, the banana grew better than the control group with the fresh weight, dry mass, plant height and stem diameter significantly increasing. The disease indexes of the two treatment groups were 20 and 25, and the control efficiencies against fusarium wilt disease reached 72.2% and 77.8%, respectively. Strain HN-11 reduced the number of Foc4 spores in soil and destroyed their mycelial structure.
ConclusionApplication of mature neem cake by fermenting with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HN-11 could avoid phytotoxicity to banana plants. The prepared neem bioorganic fertilizer can efficiently promote banana growth and prevent fusarium wilt disease.
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图 1 解淀粉芽孢杆菌HN-11对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制效果
a：平板对峙试验；b：牛津杯法试验。
Figure 1. Inhibition effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HN-11 against banana fusarium wilt pathogen
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图 2 印楝渣生物药肥对香蕉生长的影响
a：施用未经发酵腐熟的印楝渣处理；b：施用发酵腐熟的印楝渣生物药肥; CK:不添加生物药肥，A、B、C分别为添加生物药肥(w)5%、10%和15%。
Figure 2. Effect of neem bioorganic fertilizer on banana growth
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图 3 印楝渣生物药肥对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果
A:10%(w)生物药肥+Foc4；B：5%(w)生物药肥+Foc4;C:阳性对照(Foc4)；D：空白对照。
Figure 3. Control efficiency of neem bioorganic fertilizer against banana fusarium wilt
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图 4 印楝渣和生防菌株HN-11对香蕉枯萎病菌孢子的影响
Figure 4. Effects of neem cake and biocontrol strain HN-11 on Fusarium oxysporum Foc4 spores
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图 5 印楝渣和生防菌株HN-11处理后的香蕉枯萎病菌孢子数
*、**分别表示处理与对照在0.05、0.01水平差异显著(Duncan’s法)。
Figure 5. Number of Fusarium oxysporum Foc4 spores after treating by neem cake and biocontrol strain HN-11
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图 6 生防菌株HN-11对香蕉枯萎病菌菌丝形态结构的影响
Figure 6. Effects of biocontrol strain HN-11 on the morphological structure of Fusarium oxysporum Foc4 hyphae
表 1 印楝渣生物药肥对香蕉形态指标的影响1)
Table 1 Effects of neem bioorganic fertilizer on banana morphological indexes
处理 鲜质量/g 干质量/g 株高/cm 茎粗/cm 不施生物药肥(CK) 75.5±6.8a 13.5±1.1a 12.4±0.2a 4.70±0.6a 5%(w)生物药肥 104.4±2.8b 21.9±1.4b 15.9±0.2b 5.46±0.3b 10%(w)生物药肥 111.3±3.8b 24.0±1.4b 16.1±0.08b 6.03±0.1b 1) 同列数据后凡具有一个相同小写字母者，表示差异不显著(P>0.05，Duncan’s)。 
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