花生粕酶解工艺优化及其产物代替部分无机氮肥对马铃薯生长和土壤质量的影响

丘智晃; 黄吴芷卉; 张心怡; 何丹艺; 冯紫荟; 温斌海; 黄可欣; 邓兰生

doi:10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.202508013

花生粕酶解工艺优化及其产物代替部分无机氮肥对马铃薯生长和土壤质量的影响

Peanut meal enzymatic hydrolysis process optimization and effects of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer partial replacement with its products on potato growth and soil quality

摘要

摘要:
目的优化花生粕酶解工艺，探究其产物替代部分无机N肥对马铃薯生长及土壤质量的影响，以期促进花生粕废弃物资源利用及马铃薯生产可持续发展。
方法采用4因子3水平Box-Behnken Design试验设计，优化反应时间、初始反应pH、反应温度、加酶量，制备高蛋白水解度酶解液(M)。并在田间条件下对比花生粕酶解液与传统工艺发酵的花生粕发酵液(F)替代部分无机N肥对马铃薯作物及其土壤质量的影响，试验设计两者分别替代5% (M5、F5)、10% (M10、F10)、15% (M15、F15)、20% (M20、F20)的无机N肥。
结果花生粕蛋白水解最适条件为：时间4.5 h、初始反应pH 8.6、反应温度54.9 ℃、加酶量900.8 U·g⁻¹，平均水解度达25.02%，工艺优化后酶解液养分含量为全N 5.10 g·L⁻¹、全P 5.30 g·L⁻¹、全K 9.70 g·L⁻¹、有机质50.40 g·L⁻¹；M10处理对马铃薯总产量和大薯的增产效果最佳，总产量和大薯产量分别显著提高26.63%和30.90%，块茎N、P、K及干物质含量分别较对照显著增加19.04%、22.47%、29.32%、31.86%；M20处理土壤pH较对照显著提高5.70%，有机质含量显著增加13.48%，电导率显著提高40.06%，碱解N含量在M15处理达峰值106.26 mg·kg⁻¹，较对照显著增加5.70%。M10处理细菌群落α多样性指数指数明显高于其余处理，M5处理显著提升植物有益菌Terrabacter、Sphingomonas及Arthrobacte相对丰度。
结论经工艺优化后花生粕的水解度和养分含量均得到了提高。花生粕酶解液替代部分无机氮肥可作为马铃薯绿色生产的有效措施，但其长期潜力与规模化推广尚需验证。

Abstract:
Objective To optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process of peanut meal, and investigate the effects of the resulting hydrolysate as a partial substitute for inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on potato growth and soil quality, aiming to promote the resource utilization of peanut meal waste and the sustainable development of potato production.
Method A 4-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken Design experimental design was used to optimize reaction time, initial reaction pH, reaction temperature, and enzyme addition amount for preparing an enzymatic hydrolysate (M) with high protein hydrolysis degree. Under field conditions, the effects of enzymatic hydrolysate and traditionally fermented peanut meal broth (F) on potato crops and soil quality were compared at inorganic N fertilizer substitution rates of 5% (M5, F5), 10% (M10, F10), 15% (M15, F15), and 20% (M20, F20).
Result The optimal conditions for peanut meal protein hydrolysis were: Reaction time of 4.5 h, initial reaction pH of 8.6, reaction temperature of 54.9 ℃, and enzyme addition amount of 900.8 U·g⁻¹, with an average hydrolysis degree of 25.02%. After optimization, the nutrient contents of enzymatic hydrolysate were: Total N 5.10 g·L⁻¹, total P 5.30 g·L⁻¹, total K 9.70 g·L⁻¹, and organic matter 50.40 g·L⁻¹. The M10 treatment exhibited the optimal effect on increasing the total potato yield and large potato production, with the total yield and large potato yield significantly increasing by 26.63% and 30.90%, respectively; Tuber N, P, K, and dry matter contents significantly increased by 19.04%, 22.47%, 29.32%, and 31.86% higher than those of the control, respectively. For the M20 treatment, soil pH significantly increased by 5.70%, compared with the control, while organic matter content and electrical conductivity significantly increased by 13.48% and 40.06%, respectively. The alkaline-hydrolyzable N content reached a peak of 106.26 mg·kg⁻¹ in the M15 treatment, which was 5.70% significantly higher than that of the control. The α diversity indices of the bacterial community in the M10 treatment were obviously higher than those in the other treatments. The relative abundances of the plant-beneficial bacteria Terrabacter, Sphingomonas and Arthrobacter in M5 treatment were significantly increased compared to F5 treatment.
Conclusion After process optimization, both the hydrolysis degree and nutrient content of peanut meal are improved. Replacement of partial inorganic N fertilizer with the enzymatic hydrolysate can be regarded as an effective measure for green potato production, but its long-term potential and large-scale promotion still need to be verified.

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