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摘要:
稻田的水热环境是鲤科Cyprinidae鱼类天然适生生境，由此演育出了稻鱼共生系统。我国南方山丘区的稻鱼共生系统具有悠久的历史，是利用当地水热和景观条件而发展起来的独特稻作系统，对增加稻田产出、稳定农民收入、保护当地生物资源起着重要作用。本文概述了我国南方山丘区稻鱼共生系统的发展历程；从稻鱼共生系统的生产力、有害生物的控制和农药减量、土壤碳氮保持和肥料减量、甲烷产生和氧化及排放、水资源利用与保护以及遗传多样性保育等方面综述了稻鱼共生系统的研究进展；分析了我国南方山丘区稻鱼共生产业发展的潜力和可持续发展的路径，并对稻鱼共生系统今后的研究方向进行了展望。
Abstract:A paddy field with shallow water provides a suitable environment for aquatic animals such as cyprinid fish, which makes it possible to develop the rice-fish coculture system. Raising fish in paddy field has a long history in hilly regions of southern China. The rice-fish coculture system has become an important rice farming system in this area, which plays an important role in increasing productivity, stabilizing farmers’ income, and preserving local genetic resources. In this paper, we outlined the development of rice-fish coculture system in southern China, reviewed the recent studies on ecological functions of the rice-fish coculture system (e.g. productivity, pest control and pesticide reduction, soil carbon and fertility maintenance with low fertilizers, methane emission and oxidation, water resource use and the local genetic diversity preservation). The potential and possible approaches for the sustainable development of rice-fish coculture were discussed. The future researches on rice-fish coculture were prospected.
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根据市场的发展方向，二区原种场不断进行猪优良品种选育改良，最终选育出繁殖特性突出的种猪，为温氏WS501配套系提供了优质的第一母本。本研究对该猪场2014—2017年繁殖相关的数据进行统计及分析，以期为优良品种选育提供科学依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 材料
WS501配套系W62种母猪和WS501配套系W62种公猪。
1.2 方法
调查并记录2014到2017年WS501配套系W62种母猪的繁殖特性，包括初配日龄、初配体重、日增重、开配情期、初胎产仔数、产仔数、产仔均重和年产胎次。
调查并记录2014到2017年WS501配套系W62种公猪的繁殖特性，包括精液量、精液密度及合格率。
1.3 数据处理
样本数据用EXCEL、Foxpro6.0、SPSS10.0等软件进行整理和统计分析。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 种母猪的繁殖特性
WS501配套系W62种母猪的初配日龄为225~260 d，平均初配日龄接近240 d，具体结果见表 1。初配体重大于125 kg，平均初配体重160 kg，从2014到2017年，增加了4.16 kg，详情见表 2。初配日增重是后备母猪初配体重除以初配日龄，日增重为480.0~1 076.2 g，平均日增重为666.67 g，详情见表 3。WS501配套系W62种母猪的初情期出现较早，一般在150~180日龄时出现第1个发情期，平均3.50个情期，详情见表 4。综上所述，WS501配套系W62种母猪长速快、发情早、情期多。
表 1 WS501配套系母系种猪的初配日龄d 年份 个体数 平均值 标准差 最大值 最小值 2014 778 257.91 20.19 350 219 2015 1 040 246.37 13.48 365 222 2016 1 132 244.33 13.39 362 214 2017 1 327 243.33 12.76 321 219 总计 4 277 246.99 15.62 365 214 表 2 WS501配套系母系种猪的初配体重kg 年份 个体数 平均值 标准差 最大值 最小值 2014 778 162.63 5.04 230 150 2015 1 040 160.02 5.55 260 125 2016 1 132 166.05 11.53 222 140 2017 1 327 166.79 11.64 212 140 总计 4 277 164.19 9.85 260 125 表 3 WS501配套系母系种猪的日增重g 年份 个体数 平均值 标准差 最大值 最小值 2014 778 633.72 46.72 946.50 480.00 2015 1 040 651.01 37.13 1 076.20 482.36 2016 1 132 680.57 47.69 831.99 548.79 2017 1 327 686.32 47.13 832.81 496.63 总计 4 277 666.67 49.51 1 076.20 480.00 表 4 WS501配套系母系种猪的开配情期d 年份 个体数 平均情期 标准差 最大值 最小值 2014 778 3.83 1.23 8 2 2015 1 040 3.34 0.84 9 2 2016 1 132 3.43 0.97 8 1 2017 1 327 3.55 0.97 7 1 总计 4 277 3.52 1.01 9 1 WS501配套系W62种母猪的平均总仔数13.92头(初胎13.81头)，平均活仔数12.72头(初胎12.65头)，平均健仔数10.65头(初胎10.51头)，总分娩率89.28%(初胎90.21%)，详情见表 5、表 6。仔猪平均出生重为1.28 kg，详情见表 7。平均无效生产日为41.87 d，年产胎次2.43胎，详情见表 8。综上所述，WS501配套系W62种母猪高产、年产胎次多。
表 5 WS501配套系母系种猪的产仔数年份 分娩窝数 分娩率/% 总仔1)/头 活仔1)/头 健仔1)/头 2014 3 445 88.49 13.85±3.69 12.76±3.64 10.43±2.95 2015 3 623 89.14 13.34±3.44 12.38±3.49 10.34±2.98 2016 3 485 88.89 14.11±3.31 12.64±3.41 10.38±2.98 2017 3 532 90.60 14.40±3.27 13.09±3.26 11.46±2.94 总计 14 085 89.28 13.92±3.45 12.72±3.46 10.65±3.00 1)数据为平均值±标准差 表 6 WS501配套系母系种猪的初胎产仔数年份 分娩窝数 分娩率/% 总仔1)/头 活仔1)/头 健仔1)/头 2014 849 89.65 13.92±3.42 12.89±3.49 10.36±2.94 2015 1 019 90.34 13.31±3.14 12.49±3.30 10.30±2.89 2016 1 030 89.19 13.85±3.20 12.29±3.44 9.97±3.06 2017 1 243 91.38 14.13±3.08 12.91±3.22 11.22±2.93 总计 4 141 90.21 13.81±3.21 12.65±3.36 10.51±3.00 1)数据为平均值±标准差 表 7 WS501配套系母系种猪的产仔均重年份 分娩
窝数窝产总仔
/头仔猪均重
/kg标准差
/kg2014 3 445 13.85 1.29 0.24 2015 3 623 13.34 1.23 0.22 2016 3 485 14.11 1.24 0.25 2017 3 532 14.40 1.35 0.25 总计 14 085 13.92 1.28 0.25 表 8 WS501配套系母系种猪的年产胎次年份 个体数 无效生
产日/d年产
胎次/窝2014 1 366 46.65 2.39 2015 1 393 40.66 2.47 2016 1 495 40.25 2.44 2017 1 442 42.29 2.39 平均值 1 424 41.87 2.43 2.2 种公猪的繁殖特性
WS501配套系W62种公猪，具有体型壮硕(高、长)、长速快、115 kg体重校正日龄小的特征，精液量适中、精液密度较优，平均精液量为每次298 mL，精液平均密度为2.87×108 mL-1，精液平均合格率为96.06%，具体数据见表 9。
表 9 WS501配套系母系种公猪精液质量年份 采精次数 精液量/mL 密度/(×108 mL-1) 合格率/% 2014 1 221 277.12±101.13 2.94±1.04 97.46 2015 1 441 276.15±87.32 2.64±0.67 94.38 2016 1 173 335.58±90.77 2.75±0.52 93.35 2017 1 634 307.49±98.01 3.12±0.90 98.53 总计 5 469 298.48±97.35 2.87±0.83 96.09 3. 结论与讨论
有研究表明丹系大白母猪的平均胎产活仔数为15.37头，美丹大白母猪的平均胎产活仔数为12.35头[1]，WS501配套系W62种母猪生产的平均活仔数为12.72头，比丹系大白少2.63头，比美系大白多0.37头，说明WS501配套系种母猪繁殖性能与丹系母猪还有一定的差距。潘英等[2]研究表明加系大白母猪在231~260日龄初配时繁殖性能最佳，WS501配套系种母猪也符合这一规律，平均初配日龄为247 d，同时通过长期选育可将最适初配日龄不断降低，以保证配套系的长速优势。根据丁月云等[3]的研究，丹系大白母猪初配平均日增重为602.4 g，李庆岗等[4]研究表明，美系大白母猪初配平均日增重为609.9 g，WS501配套系种母猪日增重为480.0~1 076.2 g，平均日增重为666.67 g，与丹系和美系大白母猪对比具有长速优势。
WS501配套系W62母系种猪的繁殖性能较好、长速快、产仔多，充分发挥了新法系大白母猪的繁殖特性，但是距离丹系大白种猪高产的繁殖特性，还有较长时间的育种过程。
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图 1 中国南方地区主要省市(自治区)梯田和稻鱼系统分布图及稻田比例
该图采用国家地理信息公共服务平台地图绘制[审图号：GS(2024)0650号]，底图边界无修改。台湾省和海南省的稻鱼共生系统及水田面积暂缺详细资料。梯田分布数据来自Cao等[19];水田和旱地面积数据来自中国统计年鉴(2022)[20]。稻鱼共生系统分布点根据抽样调查，棕色圆点是稻鱼系统以养殖当地田鲤鱼地方种群为主，红色圆点是稻鱼系统除了养殖当地田鲤鱼地方种群外，还养殖了其他鲤科鱼类或普通鲤鱼人工培育品种；地图上的值表示1 km × 1 km网格单元内梯田所占的面积比例。
Figure 1. Map and pie charts describing the distribution of terraces and rice-fish systems in the main provinces of southern China
This map is based on the standard map with a review number GS (2024) 0650 downloaded from the website of National Platform for Common GeoSpatial Information Services, and no modification was made to the boundary of the base map. Data of rice-fish system and paddy field areas for provinces of Hainan and Taiwan lack in this study. Data of terrace distribution were obtained from Cao et al [19]. Data of paddy field and upland areas were obtained from China Statistical Yearbook (2022) [20]. The distribution of rice-fish system was based on a stratified sampling. Brow dots indicated that local common carps were majorly raised in the rice-fish system. Red dots indicated that other common carp strains or cyprinid fish were also raised in the rice-fish system except for local common carp. The map values indicated the proportion of terraces within a 1 km × 1 km grid cell.
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图 2 与水稻单作相比稻鱼共生系统的水稻产量变化[35]
Figure 2. Changes of rice yield in rice-fish system compared to rice monoculture system
表 1 我国南方地区传统稻鱼系统中的田鱼地方种群
Table 1 Local common carp populations of the traditional rice-fish systems in southern China
序号
No.田鱼地方名称
Local name of common carp稻鱼系统所在地
Location of the rice-fish system地理坐标位置
Geographic coordinate position1 青田田鱼 浙江青田 27°25′N，118°41′E 2 武夷山稻花鱼 福建武夷山 27°75′N，117°67′E 3 辰溪稻花鱼 湖南辰溪 27°53′N，109°54′E 4 连山禾花鱼 广东连山 24°17′N，112°02′E 5 全州禾花鲤 广西全州 25°29′N，110°37′E 6 晒江田鲤 广西三江 25°22′N，108°53′E 7 融水金背鲤 广西融水 25°04′N，109°14′E 8 靖西黑背鲤 广西靖西 22°51′N，105°56′E 9 那坡橘红鲤 广西那坡 23°24′N，105°50′E 10 从江田鱼 贵州从江 25°55′N，106°65′E 
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