Research progress on occurrence and control of litchi anthracnose
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摘要:
荔枝Litchi chinensis Sonn.是中国重要的热带亚热带水果之一，然而刺盘孢属真菌Colletotrichum spp.侵染所致的荔枝炭疽病严重影响了荔枝的生产和果实采后贮运。荔枝炭疽病为害荔枝叶、枝梢、花穗和果实，症状复杂，病原种类多样，迄今已报道了5个复合种共22个种，其中，盘长孢状刺盘孢复合种C. gloeosporioides species complex为优势种群。高温、高湿的气候条件适合病害的发生，每年4—6月为我国荔枝炭疽病的爆发期。本文从荔枝炭疽病病害症状、病原、发生规律、致病机制以及防治技术等方面进行了全面综述，根据其侵染过程对已报道的刺盘孢属真菌的致病因子进行了归纳，对荔枝炭疽病的防控技术进行了总结分析，并对今后的荔枝炭疽致病机制研究和绿色防控技术进行了展望。
Abstract:Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is one of the important tropical and subtropical fruits in China. However, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. severely impacts the yield and quality of litchi, posing a major threat during both production and postharvest storage. Litchi anthracnose infects leaves, flower clusters, shoots and fruits, exhibiting diverse and complex symptoms. To date, total 22 species belonging to five Colletotrichum species complex have been reported worldwide to infect litchi, with the C. gloeosporioides species complex being the dominant group. High temperature and humidity are conducive to the occurrence of litchi anthracnose, and the outbreak period of litchi anthracnose is from April to June every year in China. This paper reviewed comprehensively the symptoms, pathogens, occurrence patterns, pathogenic mechanisms, and control techniques of litchi anthracnose. The reported infection process and virulent factors of Colletotrichum spp. were categorized, the control technologies for litchi anthracnose were summarized and analyzed. Finally, the future research on pathogenic mechanisms and green prevention and control strategies for litchi anthracnose were prospected.
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图 1 荔枝炭疽病症状
A：褐色斑状病叶；B、D：病果；C：麻点状病叶；E：感染炭疽病的花穗。
Figure 1. Symptoms of litchi anthracnose
A: Symptoms of brown lesions associated with leaves; B, D: Diseased fruit; C: Symptoms of pepper spots associated with leaves; E: Symptoms of anthracnose associated with inflorences.
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图 2 荔枝炭疽病菌发现时间轴线
图中不同背景颜色的荔枝炭疽病菌表示归属于不同的刺盘孢复合种；括号里面的内容表示报道的作者及其报道年份；CN、AU和JA分别表示该病菌的地理分布为中国、澳大利亚和日本。
Figure 2. Timeline for discovering litchi anthracnose pathogenic species
Pathogens of litchi anthracnose with different background colors represented different Colletotrichum species complex; The details in parentheses indicated the reporter and the reported year of the pathogens; CN, AU and JA indicated the distribution of the pathogens in China, Australia and Japan respectively .
表 1 已报道的引起炭疽病的致病因子
Table 1 The reported pathogenic factors of Colletotrichum
侵染过程
Infection process致病因子
Pathogenic factor基因
Gene种类
Species参考文献
Reference穿透寄主表面前
Pre-penetration of
host surface附着胞细胞壁蛋白 Cap20 盘长孢状刺盘孢 C. gloeosporioides [27] 附着胞细胞壁蛋白 Cap22 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [28] 金属硫蛋白 Cap3 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [28] 金属硫蛋白 Cap5 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [28] 异柠檬酸裂合酶 ICL1 瓜类刺盘孢 C. lagenarium [29] 蛋白激酶 RPK1 瓜类刺盘孢 [30] 甾醇糖基转移酶 Chip6 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [31] 穿透寄主表面
Penetration of host
surface角质酶 CutA 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [32] 聚酮合成酶 Pks1 瓜类刺盘孢 [33] 铜离子转运ATP酶 Clap1 豆类刺盘孢 C. lindemuthianum [34] 小柱孢酮脱水酶 Scd1 瓜类刺盘孢 [35] 单羧酸转运蛋白 CgMCT1 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [36] 寡肽转运因子 CgOPT2 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [36] 1,3,8−二羟基萘还原酶 Thr1 瓜类刺盘孢 [37] 泛素结合酶蛋白 Chip1 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [38] 漆酶 Lac2 圆孢刺盘孢 C. orbiculare [39] 假定钙调素激酶 CaMK 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [40] 四跨膜区蛋白 Pls1 豆类刺盘孢 [41] 自噬相关蛋白 Atg26 瓜类刺盘孢 [42] 穿透寄主表面相关的
信号转导途径
Signal transduction of
penetrating host
surface假定的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶 Clk1 豆类刺盘孢 [43] 过氧化物酶体蛋白 ClaPEX6 瓜类刺盘孢 [44] 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 Cmk1 瓜类刺盘孢 [45] MAPK激酶 CgMEK 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [46] cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶 CtPKAC 苜蓿刺盘孢 C. trifolli [47] cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶 CgPKAC 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [48] 穿透寄主表面相关
的转录因子
Transcriptional
factors of penetrating host
surface转运因子 CLTA1 豆类刺盘孢 [49] Ste12 CST1 瓜类刺盘孢 [50] Ste12-like CLSTE12 豆类刺盘孢 [51] 转录因子 CMR1 葫芦刺盘孢 C. lagenaria [52] 肌动相关蛋白 ArpA 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [53] pH响应转录因子 PacC 尖孢刺盘孢 C. acutatum [54] 穿透寄主表面相关
的水解酶
Hydrolytic enzymes of
penetrating host
surface果胶酸裂解酶 CgPel 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [55] 果胶酸裂解酶 CgPel 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [56] 果胶酸裂解酶 Pel 壮丽刺盘孢 C. magna [57] 果胶酸裂解酶 PelB 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [58] 果胶酸裂解酶 PecCl1 豆类刺盘孢 [59] 果胶酸裂解酶 CcpelA 球刺盘孢 C. coccodes [60] 果胶酸酯裂解酶 PnlA 盘长孢状刺盘孢 [61] 
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