Water quality assessment and economic benefit evaluation of integrated rice-red crayfish cultivation system under different stocking densities
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摘要:目的
比较不同放养密度稻虾综合种养模式与传统水稻单作模式的水体环境质量及经济效益，探索洞庭湖区稻虾种养的科学模式。
方法采用小区试验的方法，共设置3个处理：放养密度为300 kg·hm−2的低密度稻虾处理、放养密度为375 kg·hm−2的高密度稻虾处理和水稻单作处理。分别在水稻不同生长时期进行水样采集和理化性质分析，采用综合水质指数评价法对3种模式进行水体质量评价，同时比较不同模式的经济效益。
结果溶解性总固体含量、pH、NH4+−N含量、化学需氧量和溶解氧含量这5项水体理化指标是田间水质变化的主要影响因素。在成熟期，相较于低密度稻虾处理虾沟水体，高密度稻虾处理虾沟水体总N含量显著提升10.5%（P<0.05），总P含量上升3.6%，化学需氧量显著提升26.2%（P<0.05）。在水稻成熟期，低密度稻虾处理水体质量指数达到0.72，显著高于高密度稻虾处理（P<0.05）。成本和收益计算结果显示，稻虾综合种养模式的经济效益较水稻单作模式提升6~9倍，且低密度稻虾处理的经济效益是高密度稻虾处理的1.47倍。
结论在稻虾综合种养模式中选择合适的虾养殖密度，可有效降低农业面源污染、提高稻田经济效益和环境效益，具有较好的推广潜力。以上研究结果为洞庭湖区农业面源污染防治措施制定提供了数据支撑。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo compare the water environment quality and economic benefits of rice-red crayfish integrated cultivation model under different stocking densities and traditional rice monocropping model, and explore the scientific model of rice-red crayfish cultivation in Dongting Lake area.
MethodUsing the method of plot experiment, three treatments were set up: Low density rice-red crayfish treatment with stocking density of 300 kg·hm−2, high density rice-red crayfish treatment with stocking density of 375 kg·hm−2 and rice monocropping treatment. Water samples were collected and their physico-chemical properties were analyzed at different growth stages of rice. Comprehensive water quality index evaluation method was used to evaluate the water quality of three models, and the economic benefits of different models were compared.
ResultTotal dissolved solid content, pH, NH4+-N content, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen content were the primary five factors affecting water quality changes. At ripening stage, compared to the ditch water of low density rice-red cayfish theatment, the ditch water of high density rice-red cayfish treatment showed increases of total N content by 10.5% (P<0.05), total P content by 3.6%, and chemical oxygen demand by 26.2% (P<0.05). At rice ripening stage, the water quality index of the low density rice-red cayfish treatment reached 0.72, significantly higher than that of high density rice-red cayfish treatment (P<0.05). The cost and benefit calculations showed that the integrated rice-crayfish model’s economic benefits were 6−9 times higher than that of rice monocropping model, and low density rice-red cayfish’s economic benefits were 1.47 times of high density rice-red cayfish treatment.
ConclusionThe suitable breeding density of red crayfish can effectively reduce the pollution of agricultural non-point sources, significantly increase the economic and envrionment benefits of rice fields, and have a good popularization potential. These findings provide a data support for formulating measures to prevent agricultural non-point source pollution in the Dongting Lake region.
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图 1 水体理化指标在不同处理和水稻各生长时期的变化
RCL：低密度稻虾模式田面水体，RCL-G：低密度稻虾模式虾沟水体，RCH：高密度稻虾模式田面水体，RCH-G：高密度稻虾模式虾沟水体，RM：水稻单作模式田面水体；P1：分蘖期，P2：拔节期，P3：孕穗期，P4：扬花期，P5：灌浆期，P6：成熟期；各小图中柱子上方的不同小写字母表示相同生长时期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)。
Figure 1. Physico-chemical indicator changes of water under different treatments and in different growth periods of rice
RCL: Surface water of low density rice-red crayfish model, RCL-G: Ditch water of low density rice-red crayfish model, RCH: Surface water of high density rice-red crayfish model, RCH-G: Ditch water of high density rice-red crayfish model, RM: Surface water of rice monocropping model; P1: Tillering stage, P2: Jointing stage, P3: Booting stage, P4: Flowering stage, P5: Filling stage, P6: Ripening stage; Different lowercase letters above the columns in each figure indicate significant differences among different treatments in the same growth period (P<0.05, Duncan’s method).
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图 2 水体各指标间的相关性分析
1：pH，2：溶解氧含量，3：电导率，4：溶解性总固体含量，5：总N含量，6：总P含量，7：NH4+−N含量，8：NO3-−N含量，9：化学需氧量；“*”表示在P<0.05水平显著相关(Pearson法)。
Figure 2. Correlation analysis among all water indexes
1: pH, 2: Dissolved oxygen content, 3: Electrical conductivity, 4: Total dissolved solid content, 5: Total N content, 6: Total P content, 7: NH4+-N content，8: NO3−-N content, 9: Chemical oxygen demand; “*” indicates significant correlation at P<0.05 (Pearson method).
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图 3 不同处理以及水稻不同生长时期的水体质量分析
RCL：低密度稻虾模式田面水体，RCL-G：低密度稻虾模式虾沟水体，RCH：高密度稻虾模式田面水体，RCH-G：高密度稻虾模式虾沟水体，RM：水稻单作模式田面水体；P1：分蘖期，P2：拔节期，P3：孕穗期，P4：扬花期，P5：灌浆期，P6：成熟期；柱子上方的不同小写字母表示相同生长时期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)。
Figure 3. Analysis of water quality under different treatments and in different growth periods of rice
RCL: Surface water of low density rice-red crayfish model, RCL-G: Ditch water of low density rice-red crayfish model, RCH: Surface water of high density rice-red crayfish model, RCH-G: Ditch water of high density rice-red crayfish model, RM: Surface water of rice monocropping model; P1: Tillering stage, P2: Jointing stage, P3: Booting stage, P4: Flowering stage, P5: Filling stage, P6: Ripening stage; Different lowercase letters above the columns indicate significant differences among different treatments in the same growth period (P<0.05, Duncan’s method).
表 1 试验地土壤基本理化性质
Table 1 Basic physical-chemical properties of the tested soil
处理
TreatmentpH w/(g·kg−1) w/(mg·kg−1) 总N
Total N总P
Total P总K
Total K有机质
Organic matter速效P
Available P速效K
Available K稻虾
Rice-red crayfish6.02±0.03 0.97±0.07 0.58±0.02 5.69±0.27 27.50±2.24 2.71±0.76 43.94±2.89 水稻单作
Rice monocropping6.01±0.02 0.98±0.06 0.59±0.01 5.49±0.24 29.80±4.31 2.23±0.50 36.65±2.66 
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表 2 水体指标的主成分分析结果
Table 2 Principal component analysis results of water indexes
指标1)
Index主成分 Principal component 范数值
Norm value公因子方差
CommunalityⅠ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ 1 −0.361 0.553 −0.175 0.527 6.331 0.744 2 −0.061 −0.257 0.330 0.775 7.328 0.780 3 0.939 0.158 0.014 0.148 5.233 0.930 4 0.945 0.138 0.080 0.143 5.262 0.939 5 −0.649 0.487 0.278 0.019 5.254 0.736 6 0.271 0.602 0.191 −0.287 5.219 0.554 7 0.204 −0.042 0.787 0.009 6.265 0.663 8 −0.036 −0.811 −0.059 0.002 5.568 0.663 9 0.252 0.147 −0.657 0.205 5.686 0.559 特征值 Eigenvalue 2.511 1.696 1.314 1.046 占比/% Percent 27.903 18.847 14.599 11.619 累积占比/% Cumulative percent 27.903 46.749 61.348 72.967 1) 1：pH，2：溶解氧含量，3：电导率，4：溶解性总固体含量，5：总N含量，6：总P含量，7：NH4+−N含量，8：NO3-−N含量，9：化学需氧量。
1) 1: pH, 2: Dissolved oxygen content, 3: Electrical conductivity, 4: Total dissolved solid content, 5: Total N content, 6: Total P content, 7: NH4+-N content，8: NO3--N content, 9: Chemical oxygen demand.
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表 3 最小数据集指标的公因子方差和权重
Table 3 Communality and weight of indicators in minimal data set
指标
Index公因子方差
Communality权重
Weight溶解性总固体含量
Total dissolved solid content0.939 0.255 pH 0.744 0.202 NH4+−N含量
NH4+-N content0.663 0.180 化学需氧量
Chemical oxygen demand0.559 0.152 溶解氧含量
Dissolved oxygen content0.780 0.212
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表 4 3种处理的水稻产量与产值1)
Table 4 Rice yield and output value in three treatments
处理
Treatment有效穗数/(104·hm−2)
Number of
productive ears每穗总粒数
Total number of
grains per panicle结实率/%
Setting
percentage千粒质量/g
Thousand-seed
weight产量/
(t·hm−2)
Yield产值/(元·hm−2)
Output
valueLRC 212.2±2.7b 119.6±3.4a 80.1±0.9b 25.6±0.5b 5.21±0.03b 18 235±96b HRC 206.2±2.9c 108.3±5.2b 80.3±0.4b 24.3±0.4c 4.35±0.01c 15 225±82c R 230.6±4.4a 121.9±2.9a 85.1±0.3a 28.7±0.4a 6.57±0.20a 22 987±94a 1)LRC：低密度稻虾，HRC：高密度稻虾，R：水稻单作；水稻收购价格为3.5元·kg−1，水稻收购价格不考虑稻虾米溢价；同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)。
1)LRC: Low density rice-red crayfish, HRC: High density rice-red crayfish, R: Rice monocropping; The rice procurement price is 3.5 yuan·kg−1, and its purchase price does not take into account the premium of rice-red crayfish; Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments (P<0.05, Duncan’s method).
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表 5 2种放养密度稻虾复合模式中红螯螯虾产量指标1)
Table 5 Production index of red crayfish in rice-red crayfish integrated systems of two stocking densities
处理
Treatment产量/(kg·hm−2)
Production产出投入比
Output-input ratio存活率/%
Survival rateLRC 923±8a 1.93±0.10a 79.3±0.2a HRC 752±8b 1.36±0.10b 51.8±0.3b 1)LRC：低密度稻虾，HRC：高密度稻虾；同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，t检验)。
1)LRC: Low density rice-red crayfish, HRC: High density rice-red crayfish; Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences between two treatments (P<0.05, t-test).
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表 6 2种放养密度稻虾复合模式中红螯螯虾养殖产量及产值1)
Table 6 Red crayfish production and output value in rice-red crayfish integrated systems of two stocking densities
处理
Treatment产量/(kg·hm−2) Production 产量占比/% Production proportion 产值/
(元·hm−2)
Output
value小青
Small
green中青
Medium
green大青
Large
green炮头
Cannon
head小青
Small
green中青
Medium
green大青
Large
green炮头
Cannon
headLRC 34.5±2.6a 412.5±2.5a 270.0±3.5b 205.5±4.3a 3.7 44.7 29.3 22.3 90 575±102a HRC 31.5±3.5a 282.0±1.7b 310.5±4.1a 127.5±2.8b 4.2 37.5 41.3 17.0 73 356±139b 1) LRC：低密度稻虾，HRC：高密度稻虾；小青、中青、大青和炮头售价分别为64、85、100和128元·kg−1；同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，t检验)。
1) LRC: Low density rice-red crayfish, HRC: High density rice-red crayfish; Small green is priced at 64 yuan·kg−1, medium green 85 yuan·kg−1, large green 100 yuan·kg−1, cannon head 128 yuan kg−1; Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences between two treatments (P<0.05, t-test).
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表 7 3种处理的经济效益对比1)
Table 7 Comparison of economic benefits of three treatments
处理
Treatment秧苗成本/
(元·hm−2)
Seedling
cost化肥成本/
(元·hm−2)
Fertilizer
cost饲料成本/
(元·hm−2)
Feed
cost虾苗成本/
(元·hm−2)
Shrimp seed
cost人工成本/
(元·hm−2)
Labor
cost田地租金/
(元·hm−2)
Land
rent水稻产值/
(元·hm−2)
Rice
output虾产值/
(元·hm−2)
Red crayfish
output收益/
(元·hm−2)
ProfitLRC 500 2 920 3 578 9 000 10 140 9 000 18 235 90 575 73 672±198a HRC 500 2 920 4 155 12 000 10 140 9 000 15 225 73 356 49 866±221b R 500 3 504 3 000 9 000 22 987 6 983±94c 1) LRC：低密度稻虾，HRC：高密度稻虾，R：水稻单作；收益数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)。
1) LRC: Low density rice-red crayfish, HRC: High density rice-red crayfish, R: Rice monocropping; Different lowercase letters after the profit data indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05, Duncan’s method).
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