Simulation of ecotoxicological effects of perchlorate and hexavalent chromium combined pollution in the aquatic ecosystem
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摘要:目的
探究ClO4−和Cr6+在复合污染条件下对水生生态系统的生态毒理效应。
方法构建水生生态系统，分别放入生长状况一致的水葫芦Eichhornia crassipes、隆线溞Daphnia carinata和福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata，使其暴露于不同质量浓度ClO4−和Cr6+及其复合污染的水体中，研究ClO4−和Cr6+在单一和复合条件下对水葫芦、隆线溞和福寿螺的生态毒理效应。
结果随着暴露时间增加，隆线溞的种群增长呈先上升后下降的趋势。0.02 mg·L−1 的Cr6+可促进隆线溞生长，200 mg·L−1的ClO4−和0.20 mg·L−1的Cr6+及复合污染处理均对隆线溞生长起抑制作用。0.02 mg·L−1的Cr6+对福寿螺的生长无明显影响，但单一的ClO4− (20和200 mg·L−1)和0.20 mg·L−1的Cr6+及复合污染处理均对福寿螺的生长具有明显的抑制作用。随着水中污染物质量浓度的增加，水葫芦各器官中的ClO4−和Cr6+含量相应增加；相同浓度水平下，水葫芦各器官中ClO4−的含量高低顺序为：叶 > 茎 > 根，Cr6+含量的顺序为：根 > 茎 > 叶。与水葫芦相比，隆线溞和福寿螺体内的ClO4−含量较低。
结论ClO4−与Cr6+的单一和复合污染均对水生生态系统中的生物造成了毒害作用。水葫芦对ClO4−和Cr6+均有较强的吸收能力，富集ClO4−的主要器官是叶片、富集Cr6+的主要器官是根部，隆线溞和福寿螺对ClO4−也有一定的吸收，但吸收能力弱于水葫芦。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the ecotoxicological effects of ClO4− and Cr6+on the aquatic ecosystem under combined pollution conditions.
MethodThe aquatic ecosystem was constructed, Eichhornia crassipes, Daphnia carinata and Pomacea canaliculata with the same growth conditions were added, respectively, and exposed to water with different concentrations of ClO4− and Cr6+ and their combined pollution. The ecotoxicological effects of ClO4− and Cr6+ on E. crassipes, D. carinata and P. canaliculata under single and compound conditions were studied.
ResultWith the increase of exposure time, the population of D. carinata increased first and then decreased. The 0.02 mg·L−1 Cr6+ promoted the growth of D. carinata, while 200 mg·L−1 ClO4−, 0.20 mg·L−1 Cr6+ and their combined pollution inhibited the growth of D. carinata. The 0.02 mg·L−1 Cr6+ had little effect on the growth of P. canaliculata; Howerver, single ClO4− (20 and 200 mg·L−1) and 0.20 mg·L−1 Cr6+ as well as their combined pollution treatment groups had significant inhibitory effects. The contents of ClO4− and Cr6+ in each organ of E. crassipes increased with the increase of pollutant concentration in water. Under the same concentration of pollutant, the order of ClO4− content in all organs was leaf > stem > root, the order of Cr6+ content was root > stem > leaf. The contents of ClO4− in D. carinata and P. canaliculata were lower than that in E. crassipes.
ConclusionBoth single and combined pollution of ClO4− and Cr6+ cause toxic effects on organisms in aquatic ecosystems. E. crassipes has strong absorption ability to ClO4− and Cr6+, with ClO4− mainly concentrated in leaf, and Cr6+ in root. The absorbing abilities of D. carinata and P. canaliculata to ClO4− were weaker than that of E. crassipes.
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图 1 ClO4−、Cr6+及两者复合污染对隆线溞生长的影响
Figure 1. Effects of ClO4−, Cr6+ and their combined pollution on the growth of Daphnia carinata
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图 2 不同处理对福寿螺生长的影响
各图中，柱子上方的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05，Duncan’s法)
Figure 2. Effects of different treatments on the growth of Pomacea canaliculata
In each figure, different lowercase letters on the column stand for significant differences among various treatments (P < 0.05, Duncan’s test)
表 1 不同处理下水葫芦各部位的ClO4−、Cr6+含量1)
Table 1 The contents of ClO4− and Cr6+ in various parts of Eichhornia crassipes under different treatments
处理
Treatment用量/(mg·L−1)
Dosagew(ClO4−)/(mg·kg−1)
Perchlorate contentw(Cr6+)/(mg·kg−1)
Hexavalent chromium contentClO4− Cr6+ 根
Root茎
Stem叶
Leaf根
Root茎
Stem叶
LeafCK 0 0 6.48±0.33b 0.79±0.05d 1.05±0.08d P20 20 0 15.91±0.91b 54.14±5.47c 247.68±38.66c P200 200 0 98.30±13.93a 660.87±14.20b 2 518.35±425.76ab Cr0.02 0 0.02 10.40±0.70b 1.81±0.46d 1.57±0.13cd Cr0.2 0 0.20 28.35±1.62a 7.12±0.70b 2.99±0.60b P20+Cr0.02 20 0.02 2.77±0.10b 37.08±1.49c 291.59±107.96c 10.39±0.70b 1.54±0.05d 1.57±0.05cd P20+Cr0.2 20 0.20 12.60±1.92b 145.21±31.61c 451.97±54.30c 30.27±3.19a 4.78±0.95c 2.68±0.07bc P200+Cr0.02 200 0.02 64.19±18.25a 564.02±128.78b 2 005.92±424.64b 10.40±0.50b 1.12±0.22d 2.20±0.58bc P200+Cr0.2 200 0.20 91.43±25.99a 995.17±109.84a 3 212.55±127.32a 31.69±2.09a 9.91±0.08a 5.14±0.29a 1)同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
1)Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments(P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
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表 2 不同处理下水葫芦各部位的ClO4−、Cr6+富集系数(BCF)1)
Table 2 The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of ClO4− and Cr6+ in various parts of Eichhornia crassipes under different treatments
处理
Treatment用量/(mg·L−1) BCF/(L·kg−1) Dosage ClO4− Cr6+ ClO4− Cr6+ 根
Root茎
Stem叶
Leaf根
Root茎
Stem叶
LeafP20 20 0 0.80a 2.71bc 12.39ab P200 200 0 0.49bc 3.31bc 12.59ab Cr0.02 0 0.02 520.00a 90.25a 78.60a Cr0.2 0 0.20 141.75b 35.61c 14.97b P20+Cr0.02 20 0.02 0.14d 1.85c 14.58ab 519.50a 76.85ab 78.60a P20+Cr0.2 20 0.20 0.63ab 7.26a 22.60a 151.35b 23.96c 13.39b P200+Cr0.02 200 0.02 0.32cd 2.82bc 10.03b 520.00a 55.85abc 109.95a P200+Cr0.2 200 0.20 0.46bc 4.98ab 16.06ab 158.45b 49.53bc 25.68b 1)同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
1) Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments(P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
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表 3 第14天不同处理对隆线溞生长的影响及ClO4−、Cr6+的交互作用类型
Table 3 Effects of different treatments on the growth of Daphnia carinata on the 14th day and the interaction types of ClO4− and Cr6+
处理
Treatment密度1)/(个·L−1)
Density抑制率(Ri)/%
Inhibition
ratio交互作用类型2)
Type of
interactionCK 104.5±4.70bc P20 115.5±7.71b –10.53 P200 87.0±3.00d 16.75 Cr0.02 139.5±4.80a –33.49 Cr0.2 82.5±5.06d 21.05 P20+Cr0.02 133.8±6.00a –27.99 S P20+Cr0.2 84.0±6.56d 19.62 S P200+Cr0.02 90.0±5.42cd 13.88 S P200+Cr0.2 77.0±6.42d 26.32 A 1)该列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’,s法)；2) S：协同，A：拮抗
1)Different lowercase letters in this column indicate significant differences among different treatments (P<0.05, Duncan’s test)；2) S: Synergism, A: Antagonism
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表 4 不同处理下隆线溞体内ClO4−的含量以及富集系数(BCF)1)
Table 4 The content and bio-concentration factor (BCF) of ClO4− in Daphnia carinata under different treatments
处理
Treatmentw(ClO4−)/(mg·kg−1)
Perchlorate contentBCF/(×10−3 L·kg−1) P20 0.035±0.002c 1.75a P200 0.316±0.034a 1.58a P20+Cr0.02 0.028±0.004c 1.40ab P20+Cr0.2 0.021±0.002c 1.05b P200+Cr0.02 0.251±0.024b 1.26ab P200+Cr0.2 0.259±0.024b 1.30ab 1)同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
1)Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments(P<0.05, Duncan’s test)
下载: 导出CSV
表 5 ClO4−和Cr6+复合污染对福寿螺生长的交互作用类型
Table 5 Interaction types of ClO4− and Cr6+ combined pollution on the growth of Pomacea canaliculata
处理
Treatment抑制率(Ri)/%
Inhibition ratio交互作用类型1)
Type of interaction螺高
Snail
height体质量
Body
weight螺高
Snail
height体质量
Body
weightP20 0.32 0.07 P200 0.92 0.78 Cr0.02 −0.01 −0.03 Cr0.2 0.22 0.32 P20+Cr0.02 0.44 0.38 S S P20+Cr0.2 0.25 0.20 A A P200+Cr0.02 0.51 0.63 A A P200+Cr0.2 0.58 0.64 A A 1) S：协同，A：拮抗
1) S: Synergism, A: Antagonism
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表 6 不同处理下福寿螺各部位的ClO4−、Cr6+含量及对应富集系数(BCFs)1)
Table 6 Contents and relative bio-concentration factors (BCFs) of ClO4− and Cr6+ in different parts of Pomacea canaliculata under different treatments
处理
Treatment用量/(mg·L−1)
Dosage螺壳 Snail shell 螺肉 Snail body w/(mg·kg−1) BCF/(L·kg−1) w(Cr6+)/
(mg·kg−1)BCFCr6+/
(L·kg−1)ClO4− Cr6+ ClO4− Cr6+ ClO4− Cr6+ CK 0 0 0 0.122±0.058c 0.414±0.169c P20 20 0 0.925±0.323b 46.25b P200 200 0 11.154±0.554a 55.77b Cr0.02 0 0.02 0.181±0.034c 9.05abc 1.269±0.025b 63.45a Cr0.2 0 0.20 0.931±0.108b 4.66d 5.626±0.330a 28.13b P20+Cr0.02 20 0.02 1.200±0.178b 0.159±0.035c 60.00b 7.95bcd 1.059±0.034b 52.95a P20+Cr0.2 20 0.20 2.929±0.896b 1.058±0.102b 146.45a 5.29cd 6.750±0.464a 33.75b P200+Cr0.02 200 0.02 14.192±3.576a 0.266±0.017c 70.96ab 13.30a 1.274±0.052b 63.70a P200+Cr0.2 200 0.20 14.906±2.919a 1.957±0.291a 74.53ab 9.79ab 7.297±1.358a 36.49b 1)同列数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
1)Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments(P<0.05, Duncan’s test)
下载: 导出CSV
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