Influence of drought stress on tassel development characteristics and yield of maize
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摘要:目的
探究干旱胁迫对玉米雄穗发育特征及产量的影响，以期为中国东北地区玉米种植抗旱保产提供一定理论基础。
方法采用盆栽试验，设置原土处理和添加土壤改良剂处理，并于玉米大喇叭口期至吐丝期进行不同程度的干旱胁迫：正常供水、轻度干旱胁迫、中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫，研究不同程度干旱胁迫对玉米的抽雄吐丝间隔、雄穗形态特征、生理指标以及产量的影响。
结果干旱胁迫导致玉米雌穗吐丝时间延后，雌、雄穗开花吐丝不同步，且在重度干旱胁迫时达到最大值，其中原土处理较CK延长了6.33 d，添加土壤改良剂处理延长了4.67 d；不同程度干旱胁迫会导致玉米雄穗变小、主轴缩短，轻度干旱胁迫有利于雄穗积累干物质，原土处理和添加土壤改良剂处理的雄穗干物质分别比CK增加了5.18%和14.87%；干旱胁迫会促使雄穗分泌抗氧化系统酶以及渗透调节物质抵御逆境伤害，但重度干旱胁迫时雄穗内部产生过多丙二醛(MDA)以及有害物质，会导致抗氧化系统酶活性有所降低；干旱胁迫会造成玉米产量严重下降，重度干旱胁迫时原土处理的产量与CK相比下降了62.39%，添加土壤改良剂处理的产量则下降了57.77%。
结论干旱胁迫会对玉米雄穗发育以及产量造成严重影响，尤其在重度干旱胁迫时，影响程度最为严重，会对雄穗造成不可逆伤害；施用土壤改良剂可以在一定程度上提高玉米雄穗抗逆性，从而保证玉米雄穗正常生长发育以及产量。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the effects of drought stress on maize tassel development characteristics and yield, and provide a theoretical basis for drought resistance and yield protection of maize planting in northeast China.
MethodIn the pot experiment, original soil treatment and adding soil conditioner treatment were set up. Different drought stress degrees of normal water supply (CK), light drought stress, moderate drought stress, and severe drought stress were conducted from the big trumpet stage to silking stage of maize, to study the effects of different drought stress degrees on maize anthesis-silking interval, tassel morphological and physiological characteristics and yield.
ResultDrought stress delayed the silking time of the female inflorscence of maize causing the tasseling and, silking of the maize to be asynchronous, most seriously under severe drought stress. Compared with CK, the anthesis-silking interval in the original soil and adding soil conditioner treatments was extended by 6.33 and 4.67 d, respectively. Different drought stress degrees decreased the maize size and spindle length. Light drought stress was conducive to the accumulation of dry matter in the maize tassels, and compared with CK, the tassel dry matter in the original soil treatment and the adding soil conditioner treatment increased by 5.18% and 14.87%, respectively. Drought stress prompted the tassels to secrete antioxidant system enzymes and osmotic adjustment substances to resist adversity damage. However, under severe drought stress, too much malondialdehyde (MDA) and harmful substances were produced in the tassel, which caused the activity of the antioxidant system enzyme to decrease. Drought stress caused a serious decline in maize yield. Under severe drought stress, the maize yield in the original soil treatment decreased by 62.39% compared with CK, and the yield in the adding soil conditioner treatment decreased by 57.77%.
ConclusionDrought stress seriously affects the development and yield of maize tassels, especially under severe drought stress, which causes irreversible damage to the tassels. The application of soil conditioner can improve the stress resistance of maize tassels to a certain extent, thereby ensuring the normal growth and development of maize tassels and yield.
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Keywords:
- Drought stress /
- Maize /
- Tassel /
- Morphological characteristic /
- Physiological characteristic /
- Yield
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图 1 干旱胁迫对玉米抽雄吐丝间隔的影响
CK：正常供水，LD：轻度干旱胁迫，MD：中度干旱胁迫，SD：重度干旱胁迫；相同土壤处理不同干旱胁迫程度柱子上的不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
Figure 1. Effects of drought stress on maize tasseling-silking interval
CK: Normal water supply, LD: Light drought stress, MD: Moderate drought stress, SD: Severe drought stress; Different lowercase letters on the columns of different drought stress degrees in the same soil treatment indicate significant differences (P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
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图 2 干旱胁迫对玉米雄穗抗氧化系统酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响
CK：正常供水，LD：轻度干旱胁迫，MD：中度干旱胁迫，SD：重度干旱胁迫；各小图中相同土壤处理不同干旱胁迫程度柱子上的不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
Figure 2. Effects of drought stress on antioxidant system enzyme activities and MDA content in maize tassels
CK: Normal water supply, LD: Light drought stress, MD: Moderate drought stress, SD: Severe drought stress; Different lowercase letters on the columns of different drought stress degrees in the same soil treatment in each figure indicate significant differences (P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
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图 3 干旱胁迫对玉米雄穗渗透调节物质含量的影响
CK：正常供水，LD：轻度干旱胁迫，MD：中度干旱胁迫，SD：重度干旱胁迫；各小图中相同土壤处理不同干旱胁迫程度柱子上的不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
Figure 3. Effects of drought stress on the content of osmotic adjustment substances in maize tassels
CK: Normal water supply, LD: Light drought stress, MD: Moderate drought stress, SD: Severe drought stress; Different lowercase letters on the columns of different drought stress degrees in the same soil treatment in each figure indicate significant differences (P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
表 1 2种土壤处理土壤水分基础数据
Table 1 Basic data of soil moisture in two soil treatments
土壤处理
Soil treatment含水量/%
Water content田间持水量/%
Field water capacity饱和含水量/%
Saturated water content容重/(g·cm−3)
Bulk density萎蔫系数/%
Wilting coefficient原土
Original soil3.55±0.04 17.53±0.22 35.33±0.95 1.47±0.04 8.83±0.08 添加土壤改良剂
Adding soil conditioner7.72±0.12 23.19±0.28 40.81±0.24 1.48±0.12 7.22±0.11 
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表 2 干旱胁迫对玉米雄穗形态特征的影响1)
Table 2 Effects of drought stress on morphological characteristics of maize tassels
土壤处理
Soil treatment干旱胁迫
Drought stress大小/cm
Size主轴长/cm
Spindle length主轴粗/mm
Spindle thickness干质量/g
Dry weight原土
Original soilCK 202.47±9.41a 43.80±1.50a 7.73±0.11a 4.76±079a LD 167.60±18.49ab 42.77±4.20ab 6.67±0.10ab 5.02±0.43a MD 127.83±32.04bc 40.83±0.76ab 5.33±0.12bc 4.02±0.96ab SD 99.70±22.25c 38.70±0.75b 3.67±0.06c 2.98±0.71b 添加土壤改良剂
Adding soil conditionerCK 213.40±11.84a 44.17±2.84a 8.33±0.08a 4.75±0.88ab LD 178.73±7.92b 43.17±1.26ab 7.33±0.06ab 5.58±0.80a MD 150.20±20.19c 41.87±3.46ab 6.10±0.07bc 4.20±0.92ab SD 108.67±3.18d 39.17±1.26b 5.17±0.08c 3.44±0.69b 1) CK：正常供水，LD：轻度干旱胁迫，MD：中度干旱胁迫，SD：重度干旱胁迫；相同土壤处理同列数据后的不同小写字母表示不同干旱胁迫程度间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
1) CK: Normal water supply, LD: Light drought stress, MD: Moderate drought stress, SD: Severe drought stress; Different lowercase letters in the same column of the same soil treatment indicate significant differences among different drought stress degrees (P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
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表 3 干旱胁迫对玉米产量性状的影响1)
Table 3 Effects of drought stress on maize yield characteristics
土壤处理
Soil
treatment干旱胁迫
Drought
stress穗长/cm
Spike
length秃尖长/cm
Bald tip
length穗粗/cm
Spike
thickness行数
Row
number行粒数
Row grain
number百粒质量/g
100-grain
weight单株产量/g
Yield per
plant原土
Original soilCK 16.17±1.53a 0.37±0.32c 2.47±0.35a 18.67±2.31a 25.67±3.79a 37.92±0.76a 134.62±5.60a LD 14.00±0.50b 0.87±0.32bc 2.13±0.23ab 17.33±2.83ab 22.33±3.21b 34.79±0.90b 110.66±5.55b MD 11.17±1.61c 1.60±0.4ab 1.93±0.12bc 11.30±5.03bc 15.00±2.00c 30.82±1.28c 76.28±2.95c SD 7.17±0.76c 2.10±0.79a 1.50±0.2c 9.33±3.79c 5.67±2.52c 27.77±1.15d 50.63±2.90d 添加土壤改良剂
Adding soil conditionerCK 16.33±0.29a 0.17±0.29c 2.73±0.25a 19.33±6.73a 29.33±2.08a 40.56±1.32a 163.14±5.04a LD 14.83±0.58b 0.63±0.25bc 2.33±0.15a 17.33±1.00a 27.00±2.00b 39.09±1.90a 117.47±5.83b MD 13.50±0.5c 0.90±0.46ab 2.03±0.06b 14.67±1.91b 23.67±3.21bc 35.12±2.51b 100.56±5.38c SD 10.67±0.58d 1.50±0.40a 1.77±0.06c 12.00±1.91c 12.33±3.06c 31.31±1.47c 68.89±0.53d 1) CK：正常供水，LD：轻度干旱胁迫，MD：中度干旱胁迫，SD：重度干旱胁迫；相同土壤处理同列数据后的不同小写字母表示不同干旱胁迫程度间差异显著(P<0.05，Duncan’s法)
1) CK: Normal water supply, LD: Light drought stress, MD: Moderate drought stress, SD: Severe drought stress; Different lowercase letters in the same column of the same soil treatment indicate significant differences among different drought stress degrees (P<0.05, Duncan’s method)
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表 4 玉米抽雄吐丝间隔与产量构成因素的相关分析1)
Table 4 Correlation analysis between tasseling-silking interval and output composition of maize
性状
Trait抽雄吐丝间隔
Anthesis-silking interval秃尖长
Bald tip length行数
Row number行粒数
Row grain number百粒质量
100-grain weight秃尖长 Bald tip length 0.968* 行数 Row number −0.956** −0.980** 行粒数 Row grain number −0.947** −0.973** 0.947** 百粒质量 100-grain weight −0.925** −0.967** 0.940** 0.950** 单株产量 Yield per plant −0.975** −0.980** 0.964** 0.949** 0.935** 1)“*”和“**”分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著相关(Pearson法)
1) “*” and “**” indicate significant correlations at P<0.05 andP<0.01 respeectively (Pearson method)
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