Impacts of environmental factors on growth-defense physiological traits of invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides
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摘要:目的
探讨大空间尺度上生物及非生物因子对入侵植物空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides生长−防御生理特性的影响，为全球环境变化下的入侵群落动态预测及入侵防治提供理论依据。
方法在中国21°N~37°N范围内分别设置72个面积为10 m×10 m的空心莲子草入侵样地(水、陆生境各36个)，测定样地中空心莲子草的氮平衡指数(Nitrogen balance index, NBI)、叶绿素指数(Chlorophyll index, Chla)、类黄酮指数(Flavonoid index, Flav)和花青素指数(Anthocyanin index, Anth)，并利用回归分析和典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)探讨地理、气候、氮素营养、植物多样性和昆虫发生量等因素对这4项生理指标的影响。
结果回归分析及CCA均表明，水、陆2种生境空心莲子草的Flav与纬度呈显著正向关系、与降雨量呈显著负向关系。回归分析中，陆生和水生型空心莲子草的Chla分别与经度、硝态氮含量呈显著正向关系；水生型空心莲子草的Anth与纬度呈显著负向关系、与年均气温呈显著正向关系。CCA中，水生型空心莲子草的NBI与Pielou均匀度指数、昆虫丰富度和莲草直胸跳甲数量之间具有强烈负向关系，与Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数具有较大正向关系，而Flav表现出与NBI完全相反的分布格局。
结论经度、氮素影响空心莲子草的生理生长特性，纬度、气候和植物多样性影响空心莲子草的化学防御特性，而植物多样性和昆虫发生量使得水生型空心莲子草的生长与防御之间具有明显权衡关系。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on the growth-defense physiological traits of invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides at large spatial scales, and provide a theoretical basis for dynamic prediction of invaded communities and bio-control under the global environmental change.
MethodWe totally set up 72 plots invaded by A. philoxeroides with the area of 10 m×10 m per plot across 21°N−37°N in mainland China (36 terrestrial and 36 aquatic), and measured the nitrogen balance index (NBI), chlorophyll index (Chla), flavonoid index (Flav) and anthocyanin index (Anth) of A. philoxeroides in each plot. We then used the methods of regression analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for examining the impacts of geography, climate, nitrogen nutrition, plant diversity and insect occurrence on these four physiological indexes.
ResultRegression analysis and CCA all showed that the Flav had significant positive relationship with latitude and significant negative relationship with rainfall. In regression analysis, the Chla for terrestrial and aquatic A. philoxeroides had significant positive relationship with longitude and nitrate nitrogen content, respectively, while the Anth for aquatic A. philoxeroides had significant negative relationship with latitude but positive relationship with annual mean air temperature. In CCA, the NBI for aquatic A. philoxeroides had strong negative relationships with Pielou evenness index, insect richness and the abundance of Agasicles hygrophila, but had strong positive relationships with Patrick richness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index, while the Flav for aquatic A. philoxeroides showed the opposite distribution pattern with NBI in CCA ordination chart.
ConclusionThe longitude and nitrogen nutrition mainly affect the physiological growth traits of A. philoxeroides, while the latitude, climate and plant diversity mainly affect its chemical defense traits. Plant diversity and insect occurrence promot the ‘growth-defense’ tradeoff of aquatic A. philoxeroides.
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图 1 研究区样地所属城市的纬度−气温和纬度−降雨量拟合关系
Figure 1. Fitting relationships between the latitude and temperature, precipitation of sampling cities
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图 2 陆生型空心莲子草生理指标与环境因子的回归拟合
Figure 2. Regression fittings between physiological indexes of terrestrial Alternanthera philoxeroides and environmental factors
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图 3 水生型空心莲子草生理指标与环境因子的回归拟合
Figure 3. Regression fittings between physiological indexes of aquatic Alternanthera philoxeroides and environmental factors
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图 4 陆生型空心莲子草生理指标与环境因子的CCA排序
环境矢量箭头的方向代表其与排序轴的正负相关性；环境矢量连线越长、与排序轴间的夹角越小，则说明该环境因子的主导性越强；表征各生理指标的圆圈与环境矢量连线的垂直距离越短，表示两者相关性越大
Figure 4. CCA ordination of physiological indexes of terrestrial Alternanthera philoxeroides and environmental factors
Direction of environment vector arrow represents its positive or negative correlation with CCA axis; The longer the environment vector and the smaller angle between vector and axis, the stronger the dominance of environment factor; The shorter the vertical distance between the circle and vector, the greater the correlation between certain plant physiological index and environment factor
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图 5 水生型空心莲子草生理指标与环境因子的CCA排序
Figure 5. CCA ordination of physiological indexes of aquatic Alternanthera philoxeroides and environmental factors
表 1 陆生环境因子与CCA排序轴的相关性分析1)
Table 1 Correlation analysis of terrestrial environmental factors and CCA axis
环境因子 Environmental factor CCA第1轴 CCA axis 1 CCA第2轴 CCA axis 2 纬度 Latitude −0.161 −0.667** 经度 Longitude 0.148 −0.787** 海拔 Elevation 0.503** 0.516** 铵态氮含量 Ammonium nitrogen content −0.255 −0.047 硝态氮含量 Nitrate nitrogen content −0.041 0.494** 年均气温 Annual mean air temperature 0.087 0.595** 年均降雨量 Annual mean precipitation 0.010 0.745** 莲草直胸跳甲数量 Abundance of Agasicles hygrophila 0.041 −0.037 昆虫丰富度 Insect richness −0.671** 0.396* Patrick丰富度指数 Patrick richness index −0.214 −0.607** Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index 0.225 −0.405* Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index 0.405* −0.013 Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index 0.705** 0.107 1) “*”“**”分别表示在0.05，0.01水平显著相关
1) “*” and “**” represent significant correlations at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively
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表 2 水生环境因子与CCA排序轴的相关性分析1)
Table 2 Correlation analysis of aquatic environmental factors and CCA axis
环境因子 Environmental factor CCA第1轴 CCA axis 1 CCA第2轴 CCA axis 2 纬度 Latitude −0.071 −0.713** 经度 Longitude −0.296 −0.170 海拔 Elevation −0.363* 0.003 铵态氮含量 Ammonium content −0.102 −0.104 硝态氮含量 Nitrate nitrogen content −0.193 0.223 年均气温 Annual mean air temperature −0.040 0.684** 年均降雨量 Annual mean precipitation 0.095 0.595** 莲草直胸跳甲数量 Abundance of Agasicles hygrophila −0.443** 0.140 昆虫丰富度 Insect richness −0.471** 0.172 Patrick丰富度指数 Patrick richness index 0.298 −0.618** Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index 0.050 −0.479** Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index −0.334* −0.496** Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index −0.349* 0.270 1) “*”“**”分别表示在0.05和0.01水平显著相关
1) “*” and “**” represent significant correlations at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively
下载: 导出CSV
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