荔枝主栽品种树体营养累积特点及与土壤养分关系

姚丽贤; 周昌敏; 何兆桓; 李国良; 杨苞梅; 白翠华

doi:10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.201904032

荔枝主栽品种树体营养累积特点及与土壤养分关系

1.
华南农业大学资源环境学院，广东广州 510642
2.
广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所，广东广州 510640

基金项目: 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS32-08)

详细信息

作者简介:
姚丽贤(1971—)，女，研究员，博士，E-mail: lyaolx@scau.edu.cn

中图分类号: S667; S603
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-04-15
- 网络出版日期: 2023-05-17
- 刊出日期: 2020-03-09

Nutrient accumulation characteristics of main litchi cultivars and their relationships with soil nutrients

1.
College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
2.
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China

摘要

摘要:
目的
明确荔枝Litchi chinensis Sonn.主栽品种成年挂果树养分需求参数及树体营养与立地土壤性质关系，为荔枝养分管理提供基础数据。

方法
在华南主产区挖取树龄约15年的‘妃子笑’等10个主栽品种各1株，调查树体生物学性状，并采集叶片、果实、树干和根系样本，研究树体不同部位养分累积特点及树体营养与土壤养分关系。

结果
荔枝单株地上部生物量为158.2~344.9 kg；单株果实生物量为38.4~101.8 kg，占地上部生物量的18.0%~38.1%。荔枝叶片N含量最高，树干则以Ca或N含量最高，外果皮、内果皮、果肉和种子一般以N或K含量最高，根系则Ca含量最高，Mo在多个品种的多个部位中均未检出。以生产50 kg果实计，地上部N、P、K、Ca和Mg累积量分别为811.9 、86.4 、586.0、792.5和112.8 g，随50 kg果实收获带走的养分量为N 114.5 g、P 14.4 g、K 105.1 g、Ca 21.6 g和Mg 12.5 g，带走养分量占地上部树体各养分总量的 15.8%、18.9%、20.2%、3.4%和12.6%。叶片K、Ca、Mg含量与土壤有效K、Ca、Mg含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)，其他元素含量与土壤养分相关性不显著。

结论
为维持荔枝立地土壤肥力、保障树体正常生长发育，荔枝收获果实及修剪带走的养分量是荔枝翌年养分施用量的下限。土壤有效K、Ca和Mg含量可预测荔枝叶片K、Ca、Mg含量。今后将加强对荔枝Ca、Si和Mo营养的研究。
- 荔枝 /
- 生物量 /
- 养分需求 /
- 叶片营养 /
- 土壤性质
Abstract:
Objective
To understand the parameters of nutrient requirement for fruit-bearing plants of the main cultivars of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and the relation between litchi plant nutrient and soil fertility, and supply the basic data for nutrient management of litchi.

Method
Ten plants from ten litchi main cultivars including ‘Feizixiao’, etc, with medium to high fruit yield and approximately 15 years of age, were excavated at fruit harvest in the main production areas of South China. The biological characteristics of these plants were examined. Moreover, leaf, fruit, trunk and root samples of ten cultivars were collected to investigate the nutrient accumulation and distribution in various parts of litchi plants. The relations between tissue nutrient contents in litchi plants and soil nutrients were calculated.

Result
The aboveground biomass of these trees ranged from 158.2 to 344.9 kg. Fruit yield per tree varied from 38.4 to 101.8 kg and accounted for 18.0%−38.1% of total biomass of the aboveground part. Litchi leaf contained the highest nitrogen (N) content, while trunk had the maximum calcium (Ca) or N content. N or potassium (K) was detected with the upmost content in epicarp, endocarp, pulp and seed, whereas Ca commonly dominated in root. Molybdenum (Mo) was undetectable in various parts in some cultivars. Based on the yield of 50 kg fruit, N, P, K, Ca and magnesium (Mg) accumulation of litchi aboveground part was 811.9, 86.4, 586.0, 792.5 and 112.8 g respectively. And 114.5 g N, 14.4 g P, 105.1 g K, 21.6 g Ca and 12.5 g Mg were taken away with 50 kg fruit harvest, which amounted for 15.8%, 18.9%, 20.2%, 3.4% and 12.6% of total N, P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients accumulated in the aboveground part of litchi, respectively. Foliar K, Ca and Mg contents had a significantly positive correlation with soil available K, Ca and Mg contents respectively (P<0.05), whereas the other forliar nutrients were not closely related to soil nutrients.

Conclusion
The nutrient removal by fruit harvest and pruning is the lowest nutrient addition amount to maintain soil fertility and healthy plant growth for the next year. Soil available K, Ca and Mg contents can be used to predict K, Ca and Mg contents in litchi leaves. Application of Ca, Si and Mo in litchi is recommended to be further investigated.
- litchi /
- biomass /
- nutrient requirement /
- leaf nutrient /
- soil property

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表 1 供试荔枝基本信息和立地土壤基本性质¹⁾

Table 1 The information of sampled litchi and orchard soil properties

品种 Cultivar	产地 Origin	树龄/年 Tree age	投影直径/m Projected diameter	土壤质地 Soil texture	pH	w(有机质)/% Organic matter content	w(有效养分)²⁾/(mg·kg⁻¹) Available nutrient content
品种 Cultivar	产地 Origin	树龄/年 Tree age	投影直径/m Projected diameter	土壤质地 Soil texture	pH	w(有机质)/% Organic matter content	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	Si	Fe	Mn	Cu	Zn	B	Mo
妃子笑 Feizixiao	广东惠东 Huidong of Guangdong	15	5.4	黏壤土 Clay loam	4.55	0.74	41.7	2.2	44.0	114.9	8.6	26.9	10.7	44.1	1.7	0.2	0.6	0.1	0.11
桂味 Guiwei	广东化州 Huazhou of Guangdong	15	6.0	砂质黏土 Sandy clay	4.20	0.94	53.2	46.1	41.5	120.6	10.1	43.7	11.6	110.2	2.4	1.0	0. 6	0.4	0.14
大丁香 Dadingxiang	海南海口1 Haikou of Hainan 1	14	5.2	砂壤土 Sandy loam	5.58	7.04	291.7	32.8	422.5	1 751.1	351.0	23.2	289.4	2.7	22.0	0.6	14.7	0.1	0.11
紫娘喜 Ziniangxi	海南海口2 Haikou of Hainan 2	17	6.3	壤质黏土 Loamy clay	6.30	7.16	322.3	37.7	226.5	2 783.9	307.6	31.2	229.6	6.1	99.1	1.5	20.5	0.1	0.37
黑叶 Heiye	广东高州1 Gaozhou of Guangdong1	15	6.6	砂壤土 Sandy loam	4.60	1.06	50.5	24.0	16.7	132.4	6.4	67.1	9.7	47.3	17.0	0.82	0.5	0.12	0.02
兰竹 Lanzhu	福建漳州 Zhangzhou of Fujian	15	5.8	砂壤土 Sandy loam	5.08	1.48	67.4	24.2	61.5	513.7	48.3	24.3	22.9	51.7	31.2	4.47	6.3	0.41	0.80
白糖罂 Baitangying	广东高州2 Gaozhou of Guangdong 2	22	5.3	砂质黏土 Sandy clay loam	4.48	1.81	85.0	46.4	36.0	258.9	21.2	53.7	22.3	9.3	3.0	0.9	2.1	0.3	0.06
白蜡 Baila	广东高州3 Gaozhou of Guangdong 3	16	6.0	砂壤土 Sandy loam	5.10	0.86	33.6	2.2	21.5	139.4	18.2	47.8	24.7	17.7	21.9	0.6	1.0	0.1	0.04
淮枝 Huaizhi	广西北流 Beiliu of Guangxi	17	5.6	黏土 Clay	4.65	1.11	76.1	2.6	91.0	731.3	83.3	35.1	48.2	31.0	7.6	1.1	2.5	0.4	0.03
双肩玉荷包 Shuangjianyuhebao	广东阳东 Yangdong of Guangdong	15	6.0	砂质黏土 Sandy clay	4.63	1.01	53.4	2.1	34.5	120.4	17.1	54.4	27.3	36.9	4.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.06
1) 表中的 pH、有机质和养分含量均为土壤值；2) N：碱解N，K：速效K 　1) The pH, organic matter and nutrient contents were the values in soil; 2) N: Alkali-hydrolyzable N, K: Available K

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表 2 荔枝主栽品种各部位生物量及百分比¹⁾

Table 2 The biomass and percentage of various upper parts of main litchi cultivars

品种 Cultivar	果实 Fruit		叶片 Leaf		树干 Trunk		总生物量/kg Total biomass
品种 Cultivar	生物量/kg Biomass	百分比/% Percentage	生物量/kg Biomass	百分比/% Percentage	生物量/kg Biomass	百分比/% Percentage	总生物量/kg Total biomass
妃子笑 Feizixao	61.5	25.4	19.7	8.1	161	66.5	242.2
桂味 Guiwei	52.5	31.8	24.6	14.9	88.2	53.4	165.3
大丁香 Dadingxiang	38.4	24.3	26.8	16.9	93.0	58.8	158.2
紫娘喜 Ziniangxi	53.8	21.0	34.0	13.3	167.8	65.6	255.6
黑叶 Heiye	77.3	22.4	46.4	13.5	221.2	64.1	344.9
兰竹 Lanzhu	101.8	38.1	30.8	11.5	134.5	50.4	267.1
白糖罂 Baitangying	46.8	18.0	24.1	9.3	188.8	72.7	259.7
白蜡 Baila	66.3	21.2	31.4	10.1	214.2	68.7	311.9
淮枝 Huaizhi	68.5	22.4	41.0	13.4	196.5	64.2	306.0
双肩玉荷包 Shuangjianyuhebao	80.6	26.4	27.2	8.9	198.0	64.7	305.8
1) 生物量为鲜质量，百分比为各部位的生物量占地上部总生物量的百分比　1) The biomass was fresh weight, and the percentage was the biomass ratio of various part to total aboveground part

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表 3 荔枝主栽品种不同部位(干质量)养分含量状况

Table 3 The contents of nutrients in various parts (dry weight) of main litchi cultivars w 　

养分 Nutrient	叶片 Leaf	树干 Trunk	根 Root	外果皮 Epicard	内果皮 Endocarp	果肉 Pulp	种子 Seed
N/(g·kg⁻¹)	17.4±1.4	5.7±1.9	3.7±0.6	11.5±2.4	13.0±2.6	10.7±2.0	11.1±1.2
P/(g·kg⁻¹)	1.0±0.3	0.7±0.3	0.3±0.1	0.9±0.2	1.9±0.6	1.5±0.2	1.4±0.2
K/(g·kg⁻¹)	11.5±9.2	4.3±1.6	1.9±1.4	9.3±2.9	13.9±5.7	10.7±2.9	7.3±2.7
Ca/(g·kg⁻¹)	9.5±2.7	7.7±3.0	3.9±1.2	6.2±1.6	5.5±2.3	0.6±0.9	1.3±1.0
Mg/(g·kg⁻¹)	2.5±0.9	0.8±0.3	0.5±0.2	2.0±0.6	2.2±0.5	0.8±0.1	1.3±0.3
S/(g·kg⁻¹)	1.5±0.4	0.5±0.1	0.5±0.2	0.7±0.2	0.9±0.3	0.7±0.2	0.9±0.3
Si/(g·kg⁻¹)	4.0±2.1	0.7±0.5	1.1±0.7	0.8±0.6	1.1±1.0	1.0±1.0	0.8±0.8
Cu/(mg·kg⁻¹)	7.4±2.3	6.8±6.9	2.9±1.5	19.3±28.1	11.2±7.5	9.0±2.8	10.5±2.9
Zn/(mg·kg⁻¹)	29.9±9.4	10.3±5.6	6.8±7.4	20.2±5.3	23.4±5.4	15.7±4.5	24.4±7.1
Fe/(mg·kg⁻¹)	160.3±33.7	102.5±70.8	217.0±150.0	41.3±15.1	49.3±19.0	39.5±38.2	35.8±14.1
Mn/(mg·kg⁻¹)	187.8±154.9	26.5±18.1	14.5±7.8	70.6±43.2	74.5±48.9	7.6±3.6	19.2±7.8
B/(mg·kg⁻¹)	17.5±3.9	7.8±2.7	7.6±3.0	15.9±4.7	22.1±3.6	7.3±3.1	14.2±9.4
Mo/(mg·kg⁻¹)	0.66±1.14	0.09±0.18	0.22±0.39	0.11±0.12	0.09±0.10	0.03±0.04	0.12±0.09

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表 4 生产50 kg果实荔枝地上部树体需要累积的养分量

Table 4 The accumulations of nutrients in aboveground parts of litchi plants to yield 50 kg fruit m 　

养分 Nutrient	果实 Fruit		叶片 Leaf		树干 Trunk		合计 Total
养分 Nutrient	范围 Range	平均 Mean	范围 Range	平均 Mean	范围 Range	平均 Mean	范围 Range	平均 Mean
N/g	95.4~135.1	114.5±12.8	124.9~428.3	237.2±106.9	126.6~825.1	460.2±225.0	403.0~1156.4	811.9±298.3
P/g	12.4~17.2	14.4±1.6	6.1~41.5	14.6±10.0	14.6~89.1	57.4±27.4	38.5~145.9	86.4±34.5
K/g	68.4~169.8	105.1±31.5	48.3~829.8	176.2±232.2	117.0~619.3	304.7±146.2	233.7~1140.7	586.0±259.2
Ca/g	12.7~42.0	21.6±8.2	54.3~322.3	135.1±86.5	170.0~1124.4	635.8±354.8	257.2~1318.2	792.5±421.3
Mg/g	9.3~14.1	12.5±1.6	10.1~79.1	35.7±23.0	24.3~147.9	64.6±37.1	48.1~218.8	112.8±54.7
S/g	4.5~11.3	7.7±2.3	9.9~22.2	18.7±3.7	22.1~57.5	39.6±11.4	37.2~82.0	66.0±14.7
Si/g	0.5~28.0	10.4±10.1	11.2~158.6	61.4±51.6	4.9~121.6	45.8±32.7	36.1~281.4	117.6±76.0
Cu/g	0.05~0.48	0.16±0.13	0.06~1.32	0.34±0.51	0.10~1.76	0.48±0.54	0.26~3.37	0.98±0.99
Zn/g	0.13~0.94	0.27±0.24	0.21~0.89	0.40±0.22	0.19~1.58	0.77±0.37	0.74~2.27	1.44±0.44
Fe/g	0.23~1.76	0.55±0.50	0.84~5.04	2.33±1.30	1.41~29.25	8.70±7.75	3.08~31.04	11.58±7.41
Mn/g	0.08~1.10	0.33±0.29	0.60~5.76	2.22±1.75	0.47~5.21	2.24±1.84	1.24~10.51	4.79±3.18
B/g	0.07~0.37	0.14±0.08	0.12~0.38	0.23±0.08	0.29~1.54	0.65±0.41	0.54~1.85	1.02±0.42
Mo/mg	0.0~1.61	0.63±0.58	0.0~35.55	8.36±13.39	0.0~60.34	15.42±25.14	0.0~81.96	24.41±37.50

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表 5 荔枝树体地上部不同部位养分分配比例

Table 5 Nutrient distribution in various aboveground parts of main litchi cultivars %　

养分 Nutrient	果实 Fruit		叶片 Leaf		树干 Root
养分 Nutrient	范围 Range	平均 Mean	范围 Range	平均 Mean	范围 Range	平均 Mean
N	10.1~23.9	15.8±5.3	18.5~44.7	30.0±9.0	31.4~71.3	54.1±11.7
P	1.3~39.7	18.9±11.0	10.7~28.4	16.9±6.3	33.8~74.1	63.4±13.2
K	8.1~34.1	20.2±7.7	14.4~72.7	25.6±17.4	19.1~72.0	54.3±15.8
Ca	1.4~5.8	3.4±1.7	8.9~28.1	18.0±6.9	66.1~88.3	78.7±7.4
Mg	1.1~20.8	12.6±6.3	17.1~51.4	30.4±10.3	40.6~67.7	56.3±10.1
S	0.4~17.0	11.1±5.0	22.4~36.1	28.7±4.0	51.9~70.1	59.4±5.6
Si	0.6~37.4	10.3±12.5	22.0~94.4	48.2±21.3	5.1~75.6	42.1±20.6
Cu	0.9~26.7	8.6±8.8	4.8~46.7	25.3±14.8	45.4~94.2	68.5±17.5
Zn	3.2~20.8	8.2±5.5	13.9~63.4	47.1±16.0	15.9~81.8	45.0±17.9
Fe	6.4~75.7	23.8±21.5	6.2~66.5	27.3±16.8	15.4~85.8	48.0±19.4
Mn	9.1~69.9	20.3±17.7	16.0~43.4	27.1±8.8	14.1~71.1	53.5±16.5
B	5.5~44.1	15.1±11.3	11.3~36.8	24.2±8.5	35.0~83.2	60.5±15.4
Mo	0~64.5	23.8±24.5	0~72.6	45.0±24.2	0~80.1	21.0±31.6

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表 6 荔枝立地土壤有效养分含量与荔枝不同部位养分含量的Pearson相关系数¹⁾

Table 6 Pearson coefficients of soil available nutrients and nutrients in various parts of litchi plants

土壤有效养分 Soil available nutrient	叶片 Leaf	树干 Trunk	根 Root	外果皮 Epicarp	内果皮 Endocarp	果肉 Pulp	种子 Seed
N	0.525	0.394	0.428	−0.035	−0.093	0.114	−0.073
P	0.143	0.580	0.491	0.162	0.450	−0.634^*	−0.602^*
K	0.636^*	0.071	−0.162	0.086	0.308	−0.106	−0.046
Ca	0.627^*	0.733^*	0.380	−0.206	−0.224	−0.329	−0.246
Mg	0.669^*	0.566	0.562	0.049	−0.259	−0.288	0.351
S	0.137	−0.452	−0.245	−0.077	−0.142	−0.032	−0.011
Si	0.416	0.129	−0.328	0.067	−0.003	−0.033	0.223
Fe	−0.111	−0.250	−0.368	0.605^*	0.800^**	0.126	0.732^*
Mn	−0.480	0.391	0.535	−0.390	−0.327	−0.345	−0.328
Cu	0.242	0.107	0.689^*	0.064	−0.017	−0.634^*	−0.505
Zn	−0.180	0.269	0.044	−0.366	−0.173	0.540	0.213
B	−0.131	0.040	0.249	0.173	0.261	−0.024	0.204
Mo	−0.274	−0.281	−0.151	−0.294	0.025	−0.305	0.399
1) “”和“”分别表示0.05和0.01水平的显著相关　1) “” and “**” refer to significant correlations at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively

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