Impacts of various materials on composting of silkworm excrement
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摘要:目的
实现蚕沙的无害化处理和资源化利用。
方法以新鲜蚕沙为原料分别按质量比添加5.21%熟石灰、0.20% EM菌剂和10%桑枝屑，以未添加任何物质的新鲜蚕沙为对照，制定4种好氧堆肥体系，分析堆肥过程中的理化指标及微生物菌落数量的动态变化。
结果添加5.21%的熟石灰使堆体温度升至50 ℃的时间比对照推迟了5 d，堆体pH比有机肥标准高1.05，细菌菌落数减少，但有利于真菌和放线菌的繁殖，使堆体有机质含量下降、全氮量增加和含水率下降显著。添加0.20%EM菌剂，使全磷含量比对照增加了28%，有利于提高细菌菌落数，但真菌在堆肥中、后期的繁殖受影响，放线菌在整个堆肥期繁殖都受影响，其他指标的变化与对照差别不大。添加10%桑枝屑能使堆体含水率比对照降低40%，造成温度偏高而不利于真菌和放线菌的繁殖，其碳氮比的下降亦显著低于其他堆体，同时会造成堆体pH高0.66。4个堆体发芽指数均超过100%；堆体在50 ℃以上持续的时间均超过7 d。
结论经堆肥处理后，4个堆体均可以使蚕沙达到资源化利用的要求。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo acheive the innocuous treatment and resource utilization of silkworm excrement.
MethodFresh silkworm excrement pile was mixed with 5.21% hydrated lime, 0.20% EM agent, or 10% mulberry sawdust in mass fraction. The silkworm excrement pile without any addition served as the control. These four different aerobic composting systems were used for investigating the dynamic changes of physicochemical indexes and population of microbial flora during the composting process.
ResultThe treatment with 5.21% hydrated lime facilitated the reproduction of fungi and actinomycetes, decreased the organic matter content and the moisture content of the pile, increased the total nitrogen content of the pile, delayed 5 d before the temperature of the pile heating up to 50 ℃, resulted in 1.05 higher pH compared to the organic fertilizer standard, and decreased the number of bacterial colonies. The treatment with EM improved the total phosphorus content by 28%, which increased the number of bacterial colonies, but negatively affected the reproduction of fungi in the middle and later periods and the reproduction of actinomycetes throughout the composting process. No significant differences of other indicators were observed between the treatment with 0.20% EM and the control. The treatment with 10% mulberry sawdust reduced the moisture content by 40%, led to higher temperature which was disadvantageous for the reproduction of fungi and actinomycetes, and caused a significantly lower C/N ratio and 0.66 higher pH of the pile compared to other treatments. Germination indexes of four piles were above 100%, and all pile temperatures kept above 50 ℃ for more than 7 d.
ConclusionAll four piles of silkworm excrement can meet the demand of resource utilization after composting.
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Keywords:
- silkworm excrement /
- composting /
- physicochemical index /
- microorganism
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图 1 堆肥过程中不同堆体温度的变化
Figure 1. Temperature changes of different piles during the composting process
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图 2 堆肥过程中不同堆体pH的变化
Figure 2. pH changes of different piles during the composting process
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图 3 堆肥过程中不同堆体含水率的变化
Figure 3. Changes of moisture contents in different piles during the composting process
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图 4 堆肥过程中微生物数量的变化
Figure 4. Changes of the number of microorganism colonies in different piles during the composting process
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图 5 堆肥过程中有机质含量的变化
Figure 5. Changes of organic matter contents in different piles during the composting process
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图 6 堆肥过程中全氮(TN)含量的变化
Figure 6. Changes of total nitrogen (TN) contents in different piles during the composting process
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图 7 堆肥过程中碳氮比的变化
Figure 7. Changes of C/N ratios in different piles during the composting process
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图 8 堆肥过程中全磷(TP)含量的变化
Figure 8. Changes of total phosphorus (TP) contents in different piles during the composting process
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图 9 堆肥过程中全钾(TK)含量的变化
Figure 9. Changes of total potassium (TK) contents in different piles during the composting process
表 1 不同蚕沙堆肥下的种子发芽指数1)
Table 1 Seed germination indexes of different silkworm excrement piles
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