Spatial patterns and environmental factors of rapidly degraded mangroves at Dongzhaigang Harbor in Hainan
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摘要:目的
对我国一些红树林湿地生态系统近期出现的急速退化现象作相关分析.
方法以海南东寨港整个港湾红树林区为研究典型区域，应用3S技术，分析近30年间东寨港红树林湿地景观格局的演变过程；同时采用高分辨率影像数据，聚焦分析了演丰东河沿岸、塔市及三江3个片区红树林群落退化特征及空间分布规律；结合大量野外样方调查数据，系统分析了近海岸红树林生态系统退化的主要影响因素.
结果和结论从1999-2013年，东寨港红树林面积由1 709.4 hm2减少至1 679.5 hm2，年均减少2.1 hm2.而沿海岸线2 km缓冲区范围内，周边养殖塘面积则由1987年的59.1 hm2增至2013年的1 986.9 hm2.截止2013年，东寨港红树林枯死面积约为4 hm2.从空间分布上来看，红树林枯死群落主要分布于地形低洼积水处或污染物传输通道两侧.东寨港河流型红树林群落退化最为严重，集中分布于演丰东河中下游河段；同时，近海湾的前沿地段也有退化群落零星分布.处于地带性演替后期的红树林群落，退化程度较高.陆源污染物输入强度是影响红树林退化群落分布的重要因素.
Abstract:ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyze mangrove degradation in some coastlandsof southern China.
MethodMangrove of Dongzhaigang Harbor in Hainan Province was investigated as acase study. Landscape pattern dynamics of mangrove wetland from 1987 to 2013 were analyzed at Dongzhaigang Harbor by interpreting five phase remote sensing images. The degradation characteristics of mangrove forest and its spatial patterns were also further studied using SPOT5 and aerial imagery. Furthermore, the influencing factors of mangrove degradation such as topographical factors and terrestrial contaminant loading were analyzed by surveying numerous sampling plots.
Result and conclusionIt was foundthat mangrove area decreased from 1 709.4 hm2 in 1999 to 1 679.5 hm2 in 2013, while the area of pondsin the 2 km coastal buffers increased from 59.1 hm2 in 1987 to 1 986.9 hm2 in 2013. The dead area ofmangrove patches had reached 4 hm2 by the end of 2013. Spatially, mangrove degradation mainly locatedin low-lying land and both sides of contaminant transport channels. The degradation degree of River-typemangrove communities was the most serious, whose major distribution was in the middle and lower reaches of Yanfengdong River. Meanwhile, the degraded mangrove communities also distributed sporadicallyin frontier areas of Dongzhaigang Harbor. The degradation degree was higher for mangrove communities inthe climax stage of succession. The distribution of degraded mangrove communities was mainly determined by terrestrial pollutant loading.
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图 1 东寨港红树林群落调查样方位置示意图
Figure 1. The location map of sampling plots of mangrove forest in Dongzhaigang Harbor
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图 2 1987-2013年东寨港红树林分布动态变化
Figure 2. Dynamic changes of mangrove distribution in Dongzhaigang Harbor from 1987 to 2013
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图 3 2013年东寨港红树林枯死斑块分布
Figure 3. The distribution map of death patches of mangroves in Dongzhaigang Harbor in 2013
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图 4 东寨港陆源污染物输入强度与红树林枯死斑块的空间关系
图中箭头代表污染物输出方向.
Figure 4. The spatial corresponding relationship between terrestrial pollutant loading and death patch in Dongzhaigang Harbor
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图 5 演丰东河流域陆源污染物输入强度与红树林枯死斑块的空间关系
Figure 5. The spatial corresponding relationship between terrestrial pollutant loading and death patch in the Yanfengdong River watershed
表 2 1987-2013年东寨港红树林面积变化情况
Table 2 Changes of mangrove area in Dongzhaigang Harbor from 1987 to 2013
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表 4 各样地的群落特征与退化特征相关性分析1)
Table 4 The correlation analyses of community characteristics and degradation characteristics of sample plots
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表 5 各样地的地形因子与退化特征相关性分析1)
Table 5 The correlation analyses of topographical factors and community degradation characteristics of sample plots
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